FULL FORM OF BOS

WHAT IS BOS

    BOS stand for Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndroms. It is a form of chronic lung allograft dysfunction which affects a majority of lung transplant recipients. It is characterised by progressive airflow obstruction unexplained by infection or other coexistent condition.

FULL FORM OF LPS

WHAT IS LPS

           LPS stand for Lipopolysaccharides. It is also known as lipoglycans and endotoxins are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharides consist of O -antigen,outer core and inner core joined by covalent bond. They are found in the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria.

FUNCTION IN BACTERIA OF LPS

         LPS is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria,contributing mainly to the structural integrity of the bacteria and protecting the membrane from chemical attack. It also increase the negative charge of the cell membrane and helps to maintain overall membrane structure.

     

  

FULL FORM OF STH

WHAT IS STH

            STH stan for Somatotropin Hormone.It is also called human growth hormone. It is secreted by the pituitary gland. It stimulates the growth of essentially all tissue of the body,including bone. It is important for normal physical growth in children,its secretion rise progressively during childhood and and peak during the puberty.

         In biochemical terms this hormone stimulates protein synthesis and increase breakdown of fat to provide the energy required for the growth of tissue.

CAUSES OF DEFICIENCY OF STH

   Deficiency of STH may cause short stature and dwarfism. It results mainly from damage to the hypothalamus or to the pituitary gland during foetal development. Deficiency of this hormone may also be caused by mutation in genes that regulates its synthesis and secretion.
  Short stature and growth hormone deficiency are often seen in children diagnosed with psychosocial dwarfism,which may cause of several emotional deprivation. when children with this order are removed from stressing,non nurturing environment,their endocrine function normalise hence their growth is also normalise.

    

WHAT IS DISTILLED WATER

WHAT IS DISTILLED WATER

      Distilled water is obtained by boiling water and then condensing the steam to obtain the distilled water. In this process impurities and minerals are removed from the water. It is tasteless because of not having any minerals.

IS DISTILLED WATER SAFE TO CONSUME

   Distilled water does not provide any minerals such as calcium and magnesium which can be obtained from tap water. Since distilled water does not contain any minerals ,it has tendency to pull them from wherever it touches to maintain a balance. Hence if it will be consumed it may pull small amount of minerals from body.

  Body gets most of the minerals from the food which we eat. Drinking distilled water will not make deficient minerals in the body. Still is advisable that if anyone is distilled water then good food which has plenty amount of minerals should be taken to compensate the little loss by the distilled water.

    Normally distilled water should not be taken in normal condition where pure tap water is available. If townˋs water is mixed with harmful chemicals or pesticides it will be safe to drink distilled water. It should not be taken as permanent in nature. Alternate method is to be explored to remove the impurities from the water and make it for drinking purpose. 

    Storing of distilled water is very difficult because it pulls minerals from any material it touches. If it will be kept in plastic bottle it will trace amount of plastic and it will be not for the good health.
     

WHAT IS YEAST

WHAT IS YEAST

     Yeast is an egg - shaped single cell fungus which is visible with a microscope. It needs food,warmth and moisture to thrive. it changes its food sugar and starch  through fermentation,into carbon dioxide and alcohol.

USES OF YEAST

  It is used in baking bread.
 When baking yeast leavened bread, the yeast ferments the sugar in the flour and release carbon dioxide .Due to elasticity of and stretchable property of dough carbon dioxide cannot escape. The expanding gas causes the dough to inflate to rise.

    Yeast is also an important ingredient in brewing beer. The yeast eats the sugar in beer and produce carbon dioxide and alcohol.

NUTRITIONAL BENEFIT OF YEAST

  Yeast rich food can provide proteins and vitamin B. It keeps the digestive system healthy. It also help in absorbing vitamins and minerals which are present in food.

STORAGE OF YEAST

    Once exposed to the air,it should be stored in the refrigerator. Storage in the freezer increase the life of yeast. It should be sealed properly before freezing.

WHAT IS OSMOSIS

WHAT IS OSMOSIS

     It is a process in which the molecules of a solvent pass from through a solution of low concentration to a solution of high concentration through a semi permeable membrane. The movement of particles continues from higher concentration to lower concentration till the concentration become equal on each side of the membrane.

   Osmosis is of two type -
1. Endosmosis

2.Exosmosis

WHAT IS VITAMINS

     Vitamins are a group of substances which are required for normal function of cell ,growth and their development. There are 13 essential vitamins which are required for the normal function of the body.  These vitamins are as follows --

1. Vitamin A
2.Vitamin C
3.Vitamin D
4.Vitamin E
5.Vitamin K
6.Vitamin B1
7. Vitamin B2
8.Vitamin B3
9.Vitamin B5
10. Biotin B7
11. Vitamin B6
12. Vitamin B12
13. Folate (folic Acid and B9)

     These vitamins are grouped into two categories --

1. Fat Soluble Vitamins
2. Water soluble vitamins

FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

    Fat soluble vitamins are stored in the body in the form of fatty tissue. The fat soluble vitamins are vitamin A,D,E and K. These vitamins are absorbed more easily by the body in the presence of dietary fat.

WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

     There are nine water soluble vitamin out of 13 except A,D,E and E. These vitamins are not stored in the body. Hence these vitamins are to be taken on a regular basic for the normal function of the body. Vitamin B12 is the only water soluble vitamin which can be stored in the liver for many years.

WHAT IS FUNCTION OF VITAMINS

FUNCTION OF VITAMINS

           Vitamins plays a important role in the body. Vitamin deficiency occurs when required amount of intake is not there. Deficiency of vitamins may cause health problems. Fruits,green leafy vegetables,beans,lentils,dairy food products should be taken to full fill the required vitamins in our body.

VITAMIN A

         It is required for maintaining healthy teeth,soft tissue,mucous membrane,bones and skin.

VITAMIN C

          It is also called ascorbic acid. It is an antioxidant which promotes healthy teeth and gums. It help in absorption of iron and maintain healthy tissue. It helps in wound healing.

VITAMIN D

          It helps the absorption of calcium in the body. Vitamin D is required for normal development and maintenance of healthy teeth and bones. It also helps to maintain proper blood levels of calcium and phosphorus. It is also known as ' sunshine vitamin'. Vitamin D is made by body after exposure in the sun. People who do not expose to sun may not get required amount of vitamin D. It is very hard to get this vitamin by food sources.

VITAMIN E

      Vitamin E is also known as tocopherol. It is an antioxidant. It helps the body to form red blood cells and use vitamin K.

VITAMIN B6   

        It is also called pyridoxine. It helps to form red blood cells and helps to maintain normal function of the brain.

VITAMIN B12

         It helps the to maintain normal metabolism function. It also helps to form red blood cells and maintain the normal function of central nervous system.

BIOTIN 

        It is required for the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates and in the production of hormones and cholesterol.

NIACIN

       Niacin is a vitamin B which helps to maintain healthy skin and nerves. It also lowers the cholesterol if taken in higher dose.

FOLATE

         It function with vitamin B12 to help in formation of red blood cells. It is required for the production of DNA that control tissue growth and cell function. Pregnant women must take in required amount as per doctor advice.

PANTOTHENIC ACID

         It is required for the metabolism of food. It is also required in the production of hormones and cholesterol.

RIBOFLAVIN VITAMIN B2

       It is essential for the body growth and the production of red blood cells.

THIAMINE  VITAMIN B1

    It helps the body cell to change carbohydrates into energy. It is more required during pregnancy and breastfeeding. It is also essential for the healthy nerve cells.

     



 

 


   

WHAT IS HEMOGLOBIN

      Hemoglobin is the protein molecule in red blood cells. It is made up of four protein molecules. Hemoglobin carries oxygen through blood from the lungs to the bodyˋs tissues and return carbon dioxide from the tissue back to the lungs. Hemoglobin maintains the shape of the red blood cells.

NORMAL VALUE OF HEMOGLOBIN

  The hemoglobin level is measured as the amount of hemoglobin in gram(gm) per deciliter( dL  ) of whole blood,a deciliter being100 milliliters. The normal range of hemoglobin is depend on the age and gender of the person.

Children---    11 to 13 gm/dL

Adult male---    14to18gm/DL 

Adult Women---   12to16 gm/dL

LOW HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL

   A low hemoglobin level is referred to anaemia or low red blood count. There are many reasons of anaemia.

CAUSES OF ANAEMIA

  The common causes of anaemia are--

1. Loss of blood due to surgery,bleeding,traumatic injury or stomach ulcers.
2. Due to nutritional deficiency like iron,vitamin B12,folate.
3. Due to bone marrow problems.
4. Due to kidney failure
5. Due to abnormal hemoglobin structure.
6. Due to increased red blood cells destruction.

HOW TO INCREASE HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL

  There are several methods to increase hemoglobin level depends upon the problem.

1. By transfusing red blood cells.
2. By taking iron supplements.
3. By increasing the iron rich intake food like spinach,beans,lean meat,eggs,citrus fruit,peas,green leafy vegetables,nuts,cereals etc.

     Iron supplements for low hemoglobin level should not be taken without consultant of physician, because exact cause of low hemoglobin must be traced out for better treatment.

  
  

WHAT IS PLASMA

             Plasma is the largest part of the blood. Like red blood cells,white blood cells and platelets which are important for body function,in similar way plasma is also important. when plasma is separated from the blood it appears to be a light yellow liquid. It carries water,salt and enzymes.

            The main role of plasma is to transport hormones,nutrients and proteins to the part of the body where it is required. Cells put their waste products into the plasma. Plasma helps this waste to remove from the body. 

IMPORTANCE OF PLASMA

       Blood plasma is very useful for the treatment of many serious health problem. Apart from water,salt and enzymes it contains other important components such as antibodies,clotting factors,protein albumin and fibrinogen. These important components can be separated from the plasma and concentrated into various products. These products are used as treatment in burns,shock,trauma and in other medical emergency.

    The protein and antibodies in plasma are also used in therapies for rare chronic conditions like autoimmune disorder and hemophilia. People with this condition can live long because of the treatment with the help of plasma. Plasma is the called ˋˋ the gift of lifeˋˋ.

WHAT IS KINETIC ENERGY

    The kinetic energy of an object is the energy which it possesses due to motion of object. Velocity is an important factor while calculating an objectˋs kinetic energy.

FORMULA OF KINETIC ENERGY

Kinetic Energy = 1/2 mv2

  Where m is the mass of the object 
   and v is the velocity of an object.

UNIT OF KINETIC ENERGY

The SI unit of kinetic energy is Joule which is equal to kg.m2.s-2.
The CGS unit of kinetic energy is erg.

WHAT IS VITAMIN K

WHAT IS VITAMIN K

    Vitamin K plays a important role in blood clotting,hence prevent excessive bleeding. Vitamin K is not basically used as a dietary supplements. Vitamin K is a group of compounds in which vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 are the important compounds.

DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN K

   Low level of vitamin K can raise the risk of uncontrolled bleeding. Vitamin K deficiency is rare in adults. Deficiency of vitamin K is very common in newborn infants.

SOURCE OF VITAMIN K

  Green leafy vegetables and other vegetables are good source of vitamin K1. Vitamin K2 largely obtained from meat,eggs,cheese etc. 

WHAT IS VITAMIN E

WHAT IS VITAMIN E

   Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin. Its main role is to act as an antioxidant. It also enhance immune function of the body. Free radical damage is involved in the early stage of artery clogging atherosclerosis vision loss and a host of other chronic condition. Vitamin E has the ability to protect cells from free radicals damage and stop the production of free radical cells entirely.

SOURCE OF VITAMIN E

  Vitamin E is found in plant based oils,nuts,seeds,fruits and vegetables. Some of the fruits and vegetables in which vitamin E is found are as follows

1. In Sunflower,soybean oil.
2. In Sunflower Seeds
3. Almonds
4. Peanuts,peanut butter
5.Beet green,spinach
6. Mango
7.Avacado
8.Pumpkin
9.Red bell pepper
10.Asparagus

DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN E

The following are the common signs of a deficiency of vitamin E

1. Retinopathy - In this retina of eye is damaged that may cause impair vision.
2. Peripheral neuropathy-  In this peripheral nerve is damaged normally in the hand or feet resulting weakness or pain.
3. Ataxia - It is a condition in which body loss control of movement.
4.Immune function of the body reduced.

WHAT IS VITAMIN D

WHAT IS VITAMIN D

    Vitamin D helps the body to absorb calcium. Calcium is the main building blocks of bone. A lack of vitamin D can cause to bone disease like rickets and osteoporosis. Vitamin D also plays a important role to manage the nerve,muscle,and immune system of the body. Body can receive vitamin D in three ways,first is through skin,second is from your diet  and third is from supplements. Body forms vitamin D naturally after exposure to sun light.

SOURCE OF VITAMIN D

1. Fatty fish such as salmon,mackerel,tuna.
2. In some dairy product ,orange juice,milk and cereals.
3. Beef liver
4. Cheese
5. Egg yolks.
6.Mushrooms.
7. Cod Liver oil

WHAT IS VITAMIN C

WHAT IS VITAMIN C

        Vitamin C is a ascorbic acid. It is a water soluble vitamin which found in many foods,specially in fruits and vegetables. It is a potent antioxidant and having positive effect on skin and immune function of the body. It is also vital for collagen synthesis,connective tissue,bones,teeth and small blood vessels.

      The human body cannot produce or store vitamin C. Hence it is necessary to consume it regularly in adequate amount.

DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN C

 The deficiency of vitamin C may cause bleeding gums,frequent bruising and infections,poor wound healing,anaemia and scurvy.

FUNCTION OF VITAMIN C

1. It protect cells from free radical damage.
2. It is required to make a collagen.
3. It improves iron absorption.

SOURCE OF VITAMIN C

Citrus fruit such as orange,kiwi,lemon,guava and grapefruit are rich natural source of vitamin C.

WHAT IS VITAMIN B

WHAT IS VITAMIN B

    There are 13 vitamins that our body required,eight of which make up the B-group it is also called vitamin B- complex. It is important for function of cells properly in the body. It also helps to create new blood cells,in maintaining healthy skin cells,brain cells and other body tissue.

    It is a group of eight types which are as follows
1.      thiamin (vitamin B-1)
2.      riboflavin (vitamin B-2)
3.     niacin (vitamin B-3 )
4.    pantothenic acid (vitamin -B5)
5.    vitamin B-6
6.    biotin (vitamin B-7)
7.    folate (vitamin B-9)
8.   vitamin B-12

     Together they are called vitamin B complex. They are water soluble. They are easily destroyed,particularly by alcohol and cooking. Food processing can also reduce the amount of B-group vitamins in food. The body has a limited capacity to store most of the B-group vitamins except B12 and folate,which are stored in the liver).It is important that to maintain the ideal level of these vitamins individual should take well balanced nutritional diet.

SOURCE OF VITAMIN B

  Vitamin B is the combination of eight vitamins. The followings are the source of vitamin B

1. Eggs and dairy products (milk,cheese)
2. Legumes ( beans,lentils)
3. Meat (red meat,poultry,fish)
4. Whole grains (brown rice,barley,millet)
5.Fruits (citrus fruits,avocados,bananas)
6.Seeds and Nuts (sunflower seeds,almonds)
7. Dark leafy vegetables (broccoli,spinach)

DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN B

 Due to deficiency of vitamin B-complex some problem may persist which are as follows

1. Anaemia
2. Skin Disorder
3.Soreness and cracks at the corner of the mouth
4. Oral ulcer
5. Tingling and numbness of the hand and feet.

    It will be better to fulfill the deficiency of vitamin B -complex with food instead of taking supplements. Supplements may be taken after the consultation of Doctor.

WHAT IS VITAMIN A

WHAT IS VITAMIN A

       Vitamin A is a fat soluble which plays a important role in the body. It is present in the food and it can also be taken in the form of supplements.

     In food two type of vitamin A found which are as follows
1. Preformed vitamin
2. Provitamin A

Preformed vitamin A are retinol and  retinyl ester which are found in the liver,fish and the dairy product where as provitamin A carotenoids are abundents in plant food like fruits,vegetables and oils.

  After the intake of two form of vitamin a our body convert it in retinal and retonic acid which are the active form of the vitamin. Since vitamin A is the fat soluble vitamin hence it is stored in the body tissue. It is also stored in the liver in the form of retinyl esters.

  FUNCTION OF VITAMIN A

     The main role of the vitamin A is the vision and eye health. Apart from it is also important in supporting cell growth,immune function,fetal development.

Retinal which is the active form of vitamin A is necessary for the colour vision and low light vision. It also protect and maintain the cornea and the conjunctiva. Apart from it vitamin A also helps in to maintain surface tissues such as skin,lungs,intestine,inner ear,bladder etc.

DEFICIENCY OF VITAMIN A

          Deficiency of vitamin A may lead to preventable blindness in the children. Apart from it deficiency of vitamin A raises the risk of anaemia and also affects the growth and development of the fetus. Lesser severe impact of vitamin A is the skin problem such as hyperkeratosis and acne.

FOOD SOURCE OF VITAMIN A

    The common foods which are rich in preformed vitamin A are

1. Egg yolk

2. Butter

3.Cod Liver oil

4. Liver

5. Salmon    

6.Trout

The common foods rich in provitamin A are

1. Sweet potatoes

2. Pumpkin

3. Carrots

4.Spinach

5.Cabbage

6.Parsely

  

WHAT IS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

WHAT IS HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE

    In homogeneous mixture components mixed uniformly distributed throughout the mixture. The homogeneous mixture has the following characteristics --

1. Particles are distributed uniformly.
2. It has uniform composition.
3. Homogeneous mixtures are also called solution.
4. In homogeneous mixture the mixed components will not separated out over time.

 Examples of homogenous mixtures are air,solution of sugar,alloys etc

WHAT IS ELEMENT

WHAT IS ELEMENT

An element is a substance whose all atoms have the same number of protons. In other way it can be said that all of a particular elements atoms have the same atomic number. Elements are chemically the simplest substances and hence cannot be broken down by chemical reactions. It can be changed into other elements using nuclear methods. An elements atom have the same number of protons, they can have different numbers of neutrons and so have different masses. When atoms of the same element have different number of neutrons they are called isotopes. 

WHAT IS UREA

WHAT IS UREA

       Urea consist of carbon,nitrogen and oxygen. It can find in urine,sweat,blood and in milk of mammals. It is found in most concentrated form in urine. It is a crystalline compound and nitrogen component is approx 46% when dry. Urea is mainly used as a fertilizers because of having high content of nitrogen which is good for growth of plants.

    Urea forms in the body when when dietary proteins make amino acids after digestion. The liver breaks down excess amino acid to make ammonia,then it convert into urea. Urea is less toxic in the body  than ammonia. Kidneys remove urea as well as glucose,water and salt by filtering. Glucose,water and salt are reabsorbed into the blood whereas urea is not. It passes out from the body in the form of urine. Its chemical formula is ( NH2)2CO.

USES OF UREA

 1. Urea has a high nitrogen content ,that breaks down in soil and is used to nourish crops.
 2. Urea production is cheap and easy to transport,hence it is used in used in different industrial purposes. Urea formaldehyde resins are produced as an adhesive for wood and paper products. it is also used as a antifreezes and is used as a catalytic reducer to eliminate nitric oxide from diesel tank.