NCERT CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER -7 LIFE LINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

NCERT CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY)  CHAPTER -7 LIFELINE OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

QUESTION NO 1

  Multiple choice question.
(i) Which two of the following extreme locations are connected by the east-west corridor?
(a) Mumbai and Nagpur  (b) Silchar and Porbander   (c) Mumbai and Kolkatta (d) Nagpur and Siligudi

(ii) Which mode of transporation reduces trans-shipment losses and delays?
(a) Railway  (b) Roadways  (c) Pipeline  (d) Waterways

(iii) Which one of the following states is not connected with the H.V.J. pipeline?
(a) Madhya Pradesh  (b) Maharashtra  (c) Gujrat (d) Uttar Pradesh

(iv) Which one of the following ports is the deepest land-locked and well protected port along the east cost?
(a) Chennai   (b)Paradwip   (c) Tuticorin
(d) Vishakhapatnam

(v) Which one of the following is the most important modes of transportation in India?
(a) Pipeline  (b) Railways  (c) Roadways (d0 Airways

(vi) Which one of the following terms is used to describe trade between two or more countries?
(a) Internal trade  (b) International trade  (c)External trade  (d) Local trade

ANSWER

(i) ---(b)          (ii) ----(c)
(iii)---(b)        (iv)----(d)
(v)----(c)         (vi)----(b)

QUESTION NO 2

 Answer the following questions in about  words.
(i) State any three merits of roadways.
(ii) Where and why is rail transport the most convenient means of transporation?
(iii) What is the significant of boarder roads?
(iv) What is meant by trade?What is difference between international and local trade?

ANSWER

(i)

    1. The cost of construction of roads is much lower.
2. Provides door to door service thus the cost of loading and unloading is much lower.
3.  Used as a feeder to other modes of transport. To reach any destination like railway station seaport or airport one needs to travel through roads.

(ii)

     Rail transport is the most convenient means of transportation in the northern plains. It is because the northern plains have vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources. These have provided the most favourable condition for the growth of rail transport.

(iii)

  The significance of border road are as follows -
1.  Border roads have improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.
2. These roads have helped in the economic development of these areas.

(iv)

   The exchange of goods among people states and countries is termed as trade. Trade between two or more countries is termed as international trade while trade occurs in a region within the same country is called local trade.

QUESTION NO 3

(i)

  Why are the means of transporation and communication called the lifeline of a nation and its economy?
(ii)
   Write a note on the changing nature of the international trade in the last fifteen years.

ANSWER

(i) 

     The development of a country depends upon the production of goods and services as well as their transportation to their destination.Transport plays an important role in the economy. Because of transport raw material reach to the factory or industry, and finally finished product reach to the consumer. It has helped in both production and distribution of goods. Hence, all efficient means of transport are important  for fast development.
          India is well linked with the rest of the world despite in vast size, diversity and linguistic and socio-cultural differences. Railways ,airways, waterways, newspaper, radio, television, cinema and internet etc have been contributing to its socio economic progress in many ways. The trades from local to international level has strengthened the economy. It has also enriched our life and added substantially to growing amenities and facilities for the comfort of life. Hence it is right to say that means of transportation and communication are the lifeline of a nation and its economy.

(ii)

   Internaional trade is defined as the exchange of goods and services between two are more countries.International trade has undergone a sea change in the last 15 years.Exchange of commodities and goods have been superceded by the exchange of information and knowledge. India has emerged as a software giant at the international level and it is is earning huge foreign exchange through the export of information technology. Advancement of international trade of a country is an indication to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country. Income earned from international trade constituents a major part in the net national income. Large international trade leads to revival of domestic economy.

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER -6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER -6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

QUESTION NO 1

 Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.

(a) Aluminium   (b) Cement    (c) Plastic     (d) Automobile

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?

(a) HAIL   (b) SAIL (c) TATASteel (d) MNCC

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material ?

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer,etc

(a) Steel     (b) Electronic  (c) Aluminium Smelting   (d) Information Technology

ANSWER

(i)-------(b)
(ii)------(b)
(iii)-----(a)
(iv)-----(b)

QUESTION NO 2    

     Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

(i)  What is manufacturing?

(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.

(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry. 

(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.

(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?

ANSWER

(i)

 Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. It help in transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a larger scale and thus helps in earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials.

(ii)

Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available are can be arranged at lower caste such as-
1. Availability of raw material.
2. Availability of cheap and sufficient power supply.
3. Availability of market.

(iii)

Three human factors for the location of an industry are-
1. Availability of cheap labour.
2. Availability of good transport facility.
3. Availability of services such as banking,insurance,consultants and financial advice ctc.

(iv)

Basic or key industries are those industries that supply their products or raw material to other industry to manufacure other goods. An example is the iron and steel industry which supplies steel to the automobile industry.

(v)

Cement industries use bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, Alumina and gypsum. Cement is used in construction activities such as building houses ,factories, Bridge, roads, airport dams and for other commercial establishments.

QUESTION NO 3

Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.
(i) How are integrated steel plants diffirent from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by indusrty?

ANSWER

(i)

Difference between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants-

INTEGRATED STEEL PLANT

1. These plants are large, handle everything in one complex from putting together a raw material to steel making ,rolling and shaping.
2. These plants fulfill local as well as International demands.
3. These plants require huge investment. 4.There are altogether 10 integrated Steel plants in India.

MINI STEEL PLANTS

1.These plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use Steel scarp and sponge iron. They produce mild and alloy Steel of given specification.
2. These plants fulfill only the local demand.
3, These plants requires less investment. 4.There are more than 400 Mini Steel plants in India.
       
       Though,India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world  still it is unable to perform to its full potential due to the following problems -
1. High cast and limited availability of cooking coal.
2. Lower productivity of labour.
3. Irregular supply of energy.
4. Poor infrastructure.
           Liberalization and foreign direct investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entreprewneurs.

(ii)

The rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also lead to increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment. Industries are responsible for five types of pollution.

 1.AIR POLLUTION-

           Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air is very dangerous.Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, bricks kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
It is adversely affect human health, animal, plant and the atmosphere as a whole.

2. WATER POLLUTION-     

       Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent are discharged into rivers. They make the river water polluted. The main Industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical, textile,   petroleum, refinery and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acid salt, and heavy metal like lead and mercury  into the water bodies.

3.THERMAL POLLUTION-

   Thermal pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plant is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

4.LAND POLLUTION-

       Dumping of wastage specially glass, harmful Chemicals ,Industrial effluents, packaging, salt and garbage makes the land unfertile. Rainwater takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water.

5.NOISE POLLUTION-

    Industrial and construction activities,machinery, factory, equipments, generator, electric drills, etc cause a lot of noise pollution. Noise pollution causes irritation and anger. It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heartbeat and blood pressure.

(iii)

   Environmental degradation can be controlled by adopting the following steps-
1.  Water should be reused and recycled to minimise the use of water.
2. Rain water should be harvested to meet water requirements.
3. Use of oil or gas should be made instead of coal in factories to reduce smoke.
4. Generators should be fitted with silencer to reduce noise pollution.
5. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of ear plugs and earphone to reduce the noise pollution.
6. Hot water and effluent should be treated before releasing them in river and ponds.
7. Overdrawing of groundwater reserve by industry where there is threat to groundwater resources also need to be regulated legally.

   

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 WATER RESOURCES

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCESCIENCE(GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER 3 WATER RESOURCES

QUESTION NO 1 

Multiple choice question.

(i) 

 Bases on the information given below classify each of the situations as 'suffering from water scarcity' or 'not' suffering from water scarcity'.

(a) Region with high annual rainfall.

(b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population.

(c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.

(d) Region having low rainfall and low population.

(ii) 

Which one of the following satements is not an argument in favour of multi-purpose river projects?

(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.

(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industry and for our homes.

(iii) 

Here are some false statements.Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.

(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.

(b) Regulating and damaging of rivers does not affect the river's natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujarat,the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas,particulary during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan,the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi canal.

ANSWER

(i)

 (a) Not suffering from water scarcity.

 (b) Not suffering from water scarcity

 (c) Suffering from water scarcity

 (d) Not suffering from water scarcity  

(ii) 

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(iii)

(a) Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban life style have caused the over exploitation of water resources.

(b) Regulating nd damming of rivers affects  the river's natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujtat,the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas,particulary during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan,the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline due to the Rajasthan canal.

QUESTION NO 2

Answer th following questions in about 30 words.
(i)Explain how water becomes a renewable resources.
(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

ANSWER

(i)

There are two source of water- ground water (underground aquifers) and surface water (lakes, rivers, streams).These sources get renewed through the water cycle. That is how water keeps moving between atmosphere and the earth. This is known as hydrological cycle. So the circulation and conservation of e
arth's water is called the H2O are hydro logical cycle.

(ii)

Water scarcity occurs when availability of water is not enough to meet the requirement of water such as for drinking, irrigation, industrial and for domestic purpose.
         Water scarcity may be and outcome of large and growing population and consequent great demand of water, and unequal access to it.A country with the highest industrial demand which depends on large scale of irrigation will experience is scarcity of water.

(iii)

Advantage of multi-purpose river project-
   
They not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. For example the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.

Disadvantage of Multi-purpose river project-
   

Regulating and damaging of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor  sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier  stream beds and poorer habitats for the river's aquatic life. It caused interstate water disputes with regard to sharing its cost and benefits. It also induced  earthquakes, caused water borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

QUESTION NO 3

(i) Discuss how rain water harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
(ii) Describe how modern adoptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

ANSWER

(i)

Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practiced to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed  storage structures that allow the water to stand and moisten the soil like the 'Khandas' in Jaisalmer and 'Johads' in other part of Rajasthan.
        In the semi- arid and arid regions of Rajasthan particularly in Bikaner,Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally have underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
            The tanks are built inside the main house or the the courtyard.They are connected to the sloping roof of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftop travels down through the pipe and is stored in the underground 'tankas'.
         In western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on decline because of the Indira Gandhi Canal this canal  provides plenty of water. Despite this some houses is still maintain the 'tankas' since they do not like the taste of tap water.

(ii)       

Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting being carried out to conserve and store water are as follows--
1. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya.Though Cherrapunji and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km from shillong received the highest rainfall in the world,yet the  state Capitol Shillong face acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city had a rooftop rainwater harvesting structure.
2. Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the house  across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
3. In many parts of rural and urban India,rooftop  rainwater harvesting is being successfully  adopted to store and conserve water. In Gendathurn, a remote backward village in Mysore ,Karnataka, villagers have installed in their household rooftop rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. 

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY

NSERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER 2 FOREST AND WILD LIFE

QUESTION NO 1

   Multiple choice qestion.

(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?

(a) Agriculture expansion

(b) Large scale developmental projects 

(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection 

(d) Rapid industrialization and urbanisation 

(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?

(a) Joint forest management 

(b) Beej Bachao Andolan

(c) Chipko Movement 

(d) Demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries 

ANSWER

(i)-----------  (c)

(ii)------------(d)

QUESTION NO 2

  Match the following animals with their category of existence:

ANIMAL/PLANT         CATEGORY OF

                                          EXISTENCE

Black buck                          Extinct

Asiatic Elephant                Rare

Andaman wild pig            Endangered

Himalayan brown bear   Vulnerable

Pink- headed duck            Endemic

ANSWER
ANIMAL/PLANT        CATEGORY OF
                                      EXISTENCE

Black buck                        Endangered

Asiatic elephant              Vulnerable

Andaman wild pig          Endemic

Himalayan brown 

      bear                             Rare

Pink-headed duck          Extinct

QUESTION NO 3

Match the following.

Reserve forest  ----    other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and                                       private individuals and communities

Protected forests---   forests are regarded as most vulnerable as far as the                                                           conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Unclassed forests --  forest land are protected from any further depletion.

ANSWER

Reserve forest  ---- forests are regarded as most vulnerable as far as the                                                           conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Protected forests---forest land are protected from any further depletion.
Unclassed forests -- other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and                                       private individuals and communities

QUESTION NO 4

 Answer the following questionin about 30 word.
(i) What is bio diversity?Why is biodiversity is important for human lives?
(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.

ANSWER

 (i)  Biodiversity means inherited variation within species, the variety of species is an area, and the variety of habitat types within a landscape. In other words it refers to the variety of living organism it is an interconnected cycle in which every organism has a role. Various organisms play different role of producer, consumer and decomposer. It is on these roles that other organisms, including humans, depend for their existence .In the existence of millions of living beings- animals, plants and human beings collectively known as bio diversity .

(ii) Human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna in the following ways. 1.      During the colonial period due to the expansion of the railway, agriculture, commercial and Scientific forestry and mining activities. Indian forest depleted to an extent.
2.      Habitat destruction,hunting, poaching over exploitation, environmental pollution, poising and forest fire are factors whive have led to the decline in India's biodiversity. 
3.     The wealthiest 5% of Indian society cause more ecological damage  because of the amount they consume then the poorest 25% and shares  minimum responsibility for environmental well beings.

QUESTION NO 5

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i)  Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India.

(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forests and wildlife.

ANSWER 

(i)   Forest in India are home to a number of communities. These communities have a multiple relationships with the flora and fauna around them.In some areas of India, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials.
1. In Sariska tiger reserve, Rajasthan villagers have fought against the mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
2.  In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting Habitat and  denying  government involvement. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of forest as the 'Bhairodev Dakav Sancturi', declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allowed hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachment.
3. Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creation of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forest in pristine from called sacred Groves( the forest of God and Goddesses ).The Mundas and the santhals of chota Nagpur region worship Mahua and Kadamba trees and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango tree during weddings.

4   The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas  and joint forest management programme offer good examples for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.

(ii)  1. The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation in several areas. It has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.
2. Attempt has been made to revive the traditional conservation methods. At the same time new methods of ecological farming have also been developed. Farmers and citizens groups like the 'Beej Bachao Andolan' in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversifying crop production without the use of synthetic Chemicals are possible as well economic viable.
3. In our country joint forest management programme offer a nice example for involving local communities in the management and regeneration of degraded forests.
4.  Making of National Parks, wildlife Sanctuary and bio reserve to protect endangered species of plant and animals.
5. Implementing laws to stop killing of animals and cutting of trees, making such act punishable.

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 5 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER 5 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

QUESTION NO 1

Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks,leaving a residual mass of weathered materials?

(a) Coal        (b)Bauxite

(c) Gold        (d)Zinc

(ii) Koderma,in the Jharkhand is the leading producer of which of the followings minerals?

(a) Bauxite     (b) Mica

(c) Iron Ore    (d) Copper

(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the state of which of the following rocks?

(a) Sedimentary rocks

(b) Metamorphic rocks 

(c) Igneous rocks   

(d) None of these

(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?

(a) Oil            (b) Uranium

(c) Thorium  (d) Coal

ANSWER

(i) ------(a)
(ii)------(b)
(iii)------(a)
(iv)----- (c)

QUESTION NO 2

Answer the following questions in about 30 words;
(i) Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
(ii) What is a mineral?
(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?

ANSWER 

FERROUS MINERALS

1. Ferrous minerals contain iron.
2. Ferrous provide a stronge base for the development of metallurgical industries.
Example--  Iron ore,Manganese

NON-FERROUS MINERALS

1. Non Ferrous minerals do not contain iron.
2. Non-Ferrous minerals play a vital role in a number of metallurgical and electrical industries.
Example- Copper,Bauxite, lead

(ii) Mineral is homogeneous naturally, occurring substance with definable internal structure. They are formed by a combination of element. They are an essential part of our lives. Rocks are combination of homogenous substances called minerals. The hardest mineral is diamond and the softest is Talc. Minerals are usually found in ores.

(iii) In igneous and metamorphic rocks,minerals may occur in the cracks,crevices,faults or joints.The smaller occurences are known as veins and the larger are known as lodes.In most cases,they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earths surface.They cool and solidifybas they rise.
Major metallic minerals like tin,copper,zinc and lead are obtained from veins and lobes.

(iv) The total volume of workable minerals deposits is an insignificant fraction ie one per cent of the earth's crust. Minerals resources required millions of years to be created and concentrated.The geological processes of minerals formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the consumption.It is evident that if we utilise these mineral in same pace then due to non renewable it will be exausted and we cnnot do sustain development and also it wil not be available for future generation.

          A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner. Improved technology is need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low-grade ores at low cost. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future

QUESTION NO 3

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.
(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

ANSWER

(i)  Coal is an important fossil fuel of India. It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides about 80% of nations energy need. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting the commercial energy requirement. In Indiacoal occurs in rocks series of two men geological ages namely Gondwana ,a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits whicxh are only about 55 millions year old.The major resources of Gondwana coal which are metrological coal, are located in the Damodar Valley (West Bengal- Jharkhand) Jharia,Raniganj and Bokaro are important coalfields. Godavari, Mahanadi Son and Wardha Valley also contain coal deposit.                     Tertiary coals occur in the North eastern state of Meghalaya, Assam Arunachal Pradesh andNagaland.

(ii) India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltailc technology convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in ruler and remote areas. Some big solar power plants are being established in different parts of India which will minimise the dependence of ruler households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. Solar energy is a non- conventional source of energy and also eco friendly.

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 1O CHAPTER 4 AGRICULTURE

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE(GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER 4 AGRICULTURE 

QUESTION NO 1

Multiple choice question.

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?

(a) Shifting agriculture

(b) Plantation Agriculture

(c) Horticulture

(d) Intensive Agriculture

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Rice        (b) Gram

(c)  Millets   (d) Cotton

(iii)  Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

(a) Pulses     (b) Jawar

(c) Millets     (d) Sesamum

(iv) Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop ?

(a) Maximum support price

(b) Minimum support price

(c) Moderate support price

(d) Influencial support price

ANSWER

(i) ------  (b)

(ii)--------(b)

(iii)-------(a)

(iv)-------(b)

QUESTION NO 2    

Answer the following questions in 30 words.

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.

(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

(iii) Enlist the various institutional reforms programmes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day .Can you imagine its consquences?

ANSWER

(i)  Tea is an important beverage crop. Geographical condition required for its growth are as follow -

1.It grows well in tropical and subtropical climates.

2. It needs Deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.

3. Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate throughout the year.

 4. Frequent showers evenly distributed over the ear ensure continuous growth of tender leaves. 

(ii) Rice is the staple food crop for a majority of the people in India. India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. Rice is grown in the plains of north and North- Eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions. Development of dense network of Canal irrigation and tube well have made it possible to grow rice in the area of less rainfall such as Punjab Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh and some parts of Rajasthan.

(iii) The following the institutional reforms introduced by the government for the benefit of the farmers- 

1. Landholding were consolidated. Fragmented lands due to inheritance were again consolidated into single unit to increase in its economic validity.

2. The abolition of zamindari system was a boon for the farmers who were relieved from the exploitation of the landlords.

3. Government made provision for Crop Insurance against drought, flood, fire, cyclone and plant disease. Gramin Bank, co-operative societies and banks were established for providing loan to the farmers at low rate of interest.

4. Kisan credit card was introduced for easy purchase of Agricultural inputs. Personal accident insurance was introduced for the benefit of the farmers. 

5.Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs for farmers were introduced on the radio and television.

6. The minimum support price for important crops are introduced to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen.

(iv) Land under cultivation is reducing day to day due to this the following consequences may happen-

1. 

Less land under cultivation would reduce the quantity of food crop. The available quantity would not meet the requirement and would cause food insecurity in the country.

2. 

If land under cultivation is less, farmers will use more and more chemical fertilizers and biotechnology in order to get maximum production. This will degrade the quality of the land. Degration of land will cause serious problem fo further production.

QUESTION NO 3

Answer the following questions in abot 120 words.

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.

(ii) Describe the impact of globalisation on Indian agriculture.

(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

ANSWER

(i)  

 Considering the importance of agriculture in India the Government of India made concerted efforts to modernize agriculture. These includes -

1.Establishment of Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR)

2. Establishment of Agricultural universities.

3. Establishment of veterinary services and animal breeding centres.

4. Development of horticulture.

5.

Research and development work done in the field of Metrology and weather forecast. 6.The rural infrastructure was improved.

7. In 1960s and 1970s most important reforms were introduced. The Green Revolution and related technologies were introduced such as use of high yielding variety of seeds, fertilizers ,modern machinery and inputs. The White Revolution (Operation Flood) was introduced to increase milk production. 8.Provision for Crop Insurance against drought, flood ,cyclone ,fire and disease. 

(ii) The term globalisation is not a new term associated with Indian agriculture.It was practiced at the time of colonization. In nineteenth century, European traders came to India and exported Indian spices to different parts of the world. Event today these are being exported in Good quantity.                  Despite being a chief producer of rice,cotton, rubber, tea ,Cofee, Jute and Spices our Agricultural products are not in a state to compete with the developed countries because of high subsidised agriculture in those countries. A few economics think that Indian farmers have a dark future if they continue the same cropping pattern. Indian farmers need to diversify their cropping pattern from cereals  to high value crops. This will increase income and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously. India's diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of high-value crops.
(iii)  

Rice is the staple food crop of majority of the people in India. Our country is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. It is a  kharif crop. The geographical condition required for the growth of rice are-
1. It requires high temperature above 25 degrees centigrade.
2. It require high humidity with annual rainfall above 100cm.
3. In the area of less rainfall it grows with the help of irrigation like due to the availability of canal irrigation and tubewellsin less rainfall area such as Punjab, Haryana,wesrern Uttarpradesh and some parts of Rajasthan rice is grown.. It is grown.
4. It is grown in the plains of north and North-eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY

NCERT TUTORIAL CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER -1 RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

QUESTION NO 1

1.  Multiple choice question

(i) Which one of the following types of resources is iron ore?

(a) Renewable           (c)  Flow         

(b) Biotic                     (d) Non- renewable

(ii) Under which of the following type of resource  tidal energy cannot be put?

(a) Replenishable      (c)  Abiotic

(b) Human- made      (d) Non- recyclable

(iii) Which of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

(a) Intensive Cultivation  (c) Over Irrigation

(b) Deforestation               (d) Overgrazing

(iv) In which of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?

(a) Punjab                    (c) Haryana         

(b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (d) Uttarakhand

(v) In which of the following states black soil is predominantly found?

(a) Jammu and Kashmir   (b) Rajasthan

(b) Maharashtra                 (d) Jharkhand

ANSWER

(i)   -------  (d)

(ii)--------- (a)

(iii)---------(c)

(iv) --------(d)

(v)---------- (b)

QUESTION NO 2

Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

(ii) Which type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.

(iii) What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

(iv) What are the biotic and abiotic resources ?Give some examples.  

ANSWER

(i) black soil is found in the Deccan trap region is spread over Northwest Deccan Plateau and is made up of lava flows. They cover the plateaus of Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and extend in the south east direction along the Godavari and the Krishna Valley. This soil is ideal for cotton cultivation.

(ii) Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast. Three main features of this type of soils are: 

1. Mostly these soil contain adequate proportion of Potash, phosphoric acid and lime which are ideal for the growth of sugarcane,paddy, wheat and other cereal and Pulse crops. 

2.Due to its high fertility, region of alluvial soils are  intensively cultivated and densely populated.

3. Soils in the drier  area are more  alkaline and can be productive after proper treatment and irrigation.

(iii) 1. Ploughing should be done along the contour lines. It will decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. Hence restrict the soil erosion.
 Using terrace farming technique can reduce the soil erosion.

3. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the Wind hence restrict soil erosion.

(iv)
Biotic Resources :  Resources that  are obtained from biosphere and are living like human beings,flora and fauna,fisheries,livestock,etc are called biotic resources.
Abiotic Resources:  Resources that comprises non-living things such as rocks and metals are called abiotic resources.

QUESTION NO 3

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i)  Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61.

(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

ANSWER

(i)  The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million square kilometre. As per the land use data only 93 % of the total geographical area is available. Of these 43.4% is the net sown area forest cover is 22.6%, 4.4 % is culturable waste. 7.03 % is current fallow, 4% is covered by pastures and 1% is covered by tree crops. The land under forest have increased over the years.

        The pattern of net sown area varies  greatly from one state to another. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% of the geographical area, as it was outlined in the National Forest policy 1952. The percentage of forest cover is needed to be increased for the maintenance of the ecological balance.

     The land under forest not increased much since 1960 -61 due to several reason such as -
1. The improper use of land which has caused   degradation of the available land area and made conservation of forest difficult.

2. The ever increasing illegal cutting of trees and forest cover to meet the needs of an increasing population.

3. Large-scale development projects, of industrialisation and urbanisation have reduced the forest cover over a great extent.

ANSWER NO  3 (ii)A

Technical and economic development have led to more consumption of resources on account of various factors: such as:

      Technological  development provides sophisticated equipment which help in increase in production and ultimately leading to consumption of more resources.
    Technical development also lead to economic development. When the economic condition of a country Rises, the needs of people also rise. Ultimate leading to consumption of more resources.
      Economic development provides favourable environment for the development of latest technologies. It helps to make or convert various materials found around us into resources. Finally,it result into the consumption of new available resources too.

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 6 POLITICAL PARTIES

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (DEMOCRATIC POLITICS II) CHAPTER 6 POLITICAL PARTIES

QUESTION NO 1

State the various functions political parties perform in a democracy.

ANSWER

1. Party contest election: 

In most of the democratic countries, election are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. In India top party leaders should candidates for contesting election. 

2. Parties put forward different policies and programmes and voters choose from them. A government is expected to to base its policies on the line taken by the responsive to peoples need and demand.Otherwise people can reject those parties in the next election. 

3. Parties play a decisive role in making law for the country. 

4.  Parties form  and run government. Parties recruits leaders,  train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want. 

5.  Political parties play the role of opposition. Those parties that loose in the election play the role of opposition to the parties in the power,  by voicing different view and criticizing government for its failure and wrong policies.

6. Parties  shape public opinion. They raise and highlight issues. Parties  sometimes also lunch movements  for the resolution of problem faced by people. 

7. Parties provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes implemented by government.

QUESTION NO 2

What are the various challenges faced by political parties?

ANSWER

The political parties face the following challenges--

1. Lack of Internal democracy within parties-

 There is a tendency in political parties towards concentration of power in one or a few  leaders at the top. Parties do not keep membership register, do not hold organisational meetings and conduct internal election regularly. Ordinary members do not get sufficient information on what happens inside the party. Leaders make maximum decisions in the name of party.

2.  Dynastic Succession ;

Most political parties do not practice open and transparent procedures for their functioning, there are very few ways for an ordinary worker to rise to the top in a party. In many parties top positions are always controlled by the members of one family. This is unfair to other member and not good for democracy.

3. Growing Role of Money and Muscle Power :

 Since parties are focused only on winning elections, they tend to use short cuts to win elections. They tend to nominate those candidates who have or can raise lots of money. Reach people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policies and decisions of the Party. In some cases, party support criminals who can win elections.

4. Parties do not offer a Meaningful Choice to the Voters :

In the recent years there has been a decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world. So people have no choices. Sometimes people cannot even elect very different leaders either, because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

QUESTION NO 3

Suggest some reforms to strengthen parties so that they perform their function well?

ANSWER

The following are the suggestions which can strengthen the parties -

1. A law should be made to regulate the internal affairs of political parties. It should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own constitution,to have an independent authority, to act as judge in case of party disposed to hold open elections to the highest post.

2  It should be made mandatory for political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, about one-third ,to women candidates. Similarly there should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies of the party. 

3  There should be state funding of election. The government should give parties money to support their election expenses. This support could be given in kind like petrol,  paper telephone etc. Or it could be given in cash on the basis of the votes secured by the party in the last election.

QUESTION NO 4

What is a political party?

ANSWER

A political party is a group of people having aim to attend power in the government through the election. Political parties have their own ideology and vision for the society. They frame various policies and programmes for the society. They work for the collective public interest.

QUESTION NO 5

What are the characteristics of a political party?

ANSWER

1. Every party has a certain structure. The group of people in organised in a proper way. Every member is aware of his role and responsibilities in the party.

2.  All the members agree on some policies and programmes for the society and they promote it among the people.They seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through election.

3. Political parties reflect fundamental political divisions in a society. Parties are about a part of the society and thus involved partnership.

QUESTION NO 6

A group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government is called a ------

ANSWER

Political Party

QUESTION NO 7

Match List I (Organisation and struggles) with List II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the list.

List I                                     List II
1. Congress Party       A .National                                                                 Democratic                                                             alliance
2. Bharatiya Janata   B. State Party
    Party                   
3. Communist Party  C. United Progressive 
    of India (Marxist)      Alliance
4. Telgu Desam Party  D. Left Front

       1          2          3           4
(a)  C         A           B          D
(b)  C        D           A           B
(c)   C         A          D          B
(d)   D       C            A          B

ANSWER

(c)   C       A       D       B

QUESTION NO 8

Who among the following is the founder of the Bahujan Samaj Party ?

A. Kanshi Ram              B.  Sahu Maharaj
C. B.R. Ambedker         D. Jyotiba Phule

ANSWER

A. Kanshi Ram

QUESTION NO 9

What is the guiding philosophy of the Bharatiya Janata Party?

A. Bahujan Samaj           B. Revolutionary
                                                Democracy
C.  Integral humanism   D. Modernity

ANSWER

D. Modernity

QUESTION NO 10

Consider the following statements on parties.

A. Political parties do not enjoy much trust among the people.
B. Parties are often rocked by scandals involving top party leaders.
C. Parties are not necessary to run governments.

Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A,B and C  (b) A and B  (c) B and C
(d) A and C

ANSWER

(b) A and B 

NCERT CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 4 GENDER,RELIGION AND CASTE

NCERT SOLUTION SOCIAL SCIENCE (DEMOCRATIC POLITICS II) CHAPTER 4 GENDER,RELIGION AND CASTE

QUESTION NO 1

Mention different aspects of life in which women are discriminated or disadvantage in India.

ANSWER

Various steps have been taken by the government to eliminate the discrimination against women and situation is improved to some extent but still in some fields where Womens are facing discrimination which are as follows-

1. EDUCATION-  

The literacy rate of women is still lower than men. This is because of education is still preferred to boys in some ruler and backward areas of the country. Hence it is a discrimination against women and everyone should get equal right to education.

PROPORTION OF WOMEN IN PAID JOBS

Women still have a small share in the highly paid job. Women are not getting the equal wages in spite of having same qualification and same working hour. It is a discrimination against the women.

PREFERENCE FOR A MALE CHILD

In India in some parts of country especially in ruler and backward area parents prefer for sons over daughters and find ways a aborting girl child.

CRIME AGAINST WOMEN

There are various examples of crime against women. Women are exploited and harassed at the workplace and at the home.

Most of women are facing domestic violence which make her unsafe even within her family.

QUESTION NO 2

State different forms of communal politics with one example each.

ANSWER

Different form of communical politics are-

1. The most common expression of communalism is in everyday beliefs. These  involves religious prejudices, stereotype of religious communities and believe in the superiority of one's religion over other religion. Example militant religious group.

2. A communal mind leads to a quest for political dominance of one's own religious community. For those belonging to the majority community,this takes the  form of majoritarian dominance. For those belonging to the minority community it can take the the form of desire to form a separate political unit. Example separatist leaders and political parties in Jammu and Kashmir.

3.  Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communism. This involves the use of Sacred symbols, religious leaders,emotional appeal and plain fear in order to bring the follower of one religion together in the political Arena. Example this technique is applied by many politician to influence the voters from the two largest religious community in the  country.

4. Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence,riots and massacre. It has been experienced at the time of partition between India and Pakistan.

QUESTION NO 3

State how caste inequalities are still continuing in India.

ANSWER

Cast inequality have not completely eradicated from India. For instance despite constitutional provision, untouchability has not ended completely. It may be seen in ruler area of the some part of the country. Education is not easily available to the lower caste children. Economic status is closely linked to the caste system. The poors are mostly belongs to the the low caste  while the rich are 'upper caste',there by showing that cast inequality are still continuing in India.

QUESTION NO 4

State two reasons to say that caste alone cannot determine election results in India.

ANSWER

1.  No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste. Hence, every party and candidate required to win the confidence of more than one caste and community to win elections.

2. No party wins the votes of all the voters of  or community. When it is said that cast is a 'vote Bank' of one party,  it means that a large proportion of the voters from that cast vote for that party.

QUESTION NO 5

What is the status of women's representation in Indias legislative bodies?

ANSWER

In India, the proportion of women in the legislature is very low. The women strength in the lok sabha is not even 10%.Women share in state assemblies is less than 5%. India is among the bottom group of nations in the world.

QUESTION NO 6

Mention any two constitutional provisions that make India a secular state.

ANSWER

In India, communalism has always been a major threat and challenge to the spirit of democracy.Therefore, the model of secular state was chosen by the makers of our constitution as they were aware of this challenge.They adopted two constitutional provisions that makes India a secular state are--

1. There is no official religion for the Indian state.
2. Our constitution does not give a special status to any religion.

QUESTION NO 7

When we speak of gender divisions,we usually refer to:

(a) Biological differences between men and women
(b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women
(c) Unequal child sex ratio
(d) Absence of voting rights for women in democracies

ANSWER

 (b) Unequal roles assigned by the society to men and women

QUESTION NO 8

In India seats are reserved for women in

(a) Lok Sabha
(b) State legislative assemblies
(c) Cabinets
(d) Panchayati Raj bodies

ANSWER

(d) Panchayati Raj bodies

QUESTION NO 9

Consider the following statements on the meaning of communal politics.Communal politics is based on the belief that :

A. One religion is superior to that of others.
B. People belonging to different religions can live together happily as equal citizens.
C. Followers of a particular religion constitute one community.
D. State power cannot be used to establish the domination of one religious group over others.
Which of the statements is/are correct?
(a) A,B,C and D  (b) A,B and D
(c) A and C  (d) B and D

ANSWER

(c) A and C

QUESTION NO 10

Which among the following statements about India's constitution is wrong? It
(a) prohibits discrimination on ground of religion.
(b) gives official status to one religion.
(c) provides to all individual freedom to profess any religion.
(d) ensure equality of citizens within religious communities.

ANSWER

(b) gives official status to one religion.

QUESTION NO 11

Social division based on ----------are peculiar to India.

ANSWER

Caste

QUESTION NO 12

Match list I with list II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the Lists:

List I

1. A person who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men
2. A person who says that religion is the principal basis of community
3. A person who thinks that caste is the principal basis of community
4. A person who does not discriminate others on the basis of religious beliefs

List II

A. Communist
B. Feminist
C. Secularist
D. Castiest

       1          2            3          4
(a)  B         C           A          D
(b) B         A           D          C
(c)  D        C           A          B
(d)  C        A           B          D

ANSWER 

(b)     B        A       D       C

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 DEMOCRATIC POLITICS- II CHAPTER 2 FEDERALISM

 NCERT CLASS 10 DEMOCRATICS POLITICS II CHAPTER 2 FEDERALISM 

QUESTION NO 1

Locate the following states on a blank outline political map of India :

Manipur,Sikkim,Chhattisgarh and goa

ANSWER

QUESTION NO 2

Identify and shade three federal countries (other than India) on a blank outline political map of the world.

ANSWER

QUESTION NO 3

Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium.

ANSWER

In India like Belgium,the central government share its power with the regional government.But unlike India

Belgium has a community government in addition to the central and state government. 

QUESTION NO 4

What is main difference between a federal form of government and a unitary one? Explain with an example.

ANSWER

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

1. In a federal form of government,the central government shares its power with states of the country.

2. In a federal system, the central government cannot interfere in the affairs of state.State government has power of its own for which it is not answerable to the central government. Example India,USA,Canada

UNITARY GOVERNMENT

1. In unitary form of government either there is only one level of government or the states are subordinate to the central government.

2. T he central government can impose order to the state or local government.

Example; UK, China, France

QUESTION NO 5 

State any two differences between the local government before and after the contitutional amendment in 1992.

ANSWER

LOCAL GOVERNMENT BEFORE THE

CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT IN 1992

1. Elections were not held regularly.

2.Local governments did not have any power or resources of their own.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AFTER THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT IN 1992

1. It is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to local government bodies.

2. The state governments are required to share some powers and revenue with local government bodies.

QUESTION NO 6 

Fill in the blanks 

Since the United States is a ______1____ type of federation,all the constitutent states have equal powers and states are _______2___ vis-a-vis the federal government. But India is a _____3___ type of federation and some states have more power than others. In India,the ______4___ government has more powers.

ANSWER 

1. coming together 2. strong 

3. holding together 4. central

QUESTION NO 7

Here are three reactions to the language policy followed in India. Give an argument and an example to support any of these positions:

Sangeeta : The policy of acommodation has strengthened national unity.

Arman : Language-based states have divided us by making everyone conscious of their language.

Harish : This policy has only helped to consolidate the dominance of English over all other languages.

ANSWER

Sangeeta reaction is justified. Unlike Sri Lanka (where the language of the majority has been promoted),the Indian polity has given equality of status to all the major languages spoken in the country.This has eradicated the chance of social conflict on linguistic basis.It has also ensured a larger participation in the government's activities by people who speak different languages.

QUESTION NO 8

The distinguishing features of a federal government is :

(i) National goverment gives some powers to the provincial governments.   

(ii) Power is distributed among the legislature,executive and judiciary.

(iii) Elected officials exercise supreme power in the government.

(iv) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government.

ANSWER

(iv) Governmental power is divided between different levels of government

QUESTION NO 9

A few subjects in various lists of the Indian Constitution are given here. Group them under the Union,State and concurrent Lists as provided in the table below.

A. Defence         B. Police          C. Agriculture

D. Education     E. Banking      F. Forests      

G. Communications

H. Trade 

I.   Marriages 

ANSWER 

UNION LIST-   A  Defence    E. Banking

                           G. Communications

STATE LIST-   B. Police   C. Agriculture

                          H. Trade

CONCURRENT LIST-  D. Education

                                         F. Forests

                                         I. Marriages

QUESTION NO 10

Examine the following pairs that give the level of government in India and the powers of the government at that level to make laws on the subjects mentioned against each. Which of the following pairs is not correctly matched?

(a) State government                      State List

(b) Central government                 Union List

(c) Central and                         Concurrent List

State governments             

(d) Local governments    Residuary powers

  

ANSWER 

(d) Local governments      Residuary powers

QUESTION NO 11

Match lists with I with list II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:

List I                                              List II

1. Union of India                  A. Prime Minister

2. State                                   B. Sarpanch

3. Municipal                         C. Governor

corporation                           

4. Gram panchayat             D. Mayor

          1           2            3            4

(a)     D          A             B            C

(b)     B          C             D           A

(c)     A          C             D           B

(d)     C          D             A           B

ANSWER 

(c) A        C       D        B

QUESTION NO 12

Consider the following statements:

A. In a federation the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated.

B. India is a federation because the powers of the union and the state governments are specified in the constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.

C. Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.

D. India is no longer a federation because some powers of the states have been devolved to the local government bodies.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

(a) A,B, and C

(b) A,C and D

(c) A and B only

(d) B and C only 

ANSWER

(c) A and B only

      

             

NCERT SOLUTIO CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE

NCERT SOLUTIONCLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (DEMOCRATIC POLITICS- II
CHAPTER -1
POWER -SHARING

QUESTION NO1 

What are the different forms of power sharing in modern democracies? Give an example of  each of these.

ANSWER

In modern democracies ,power sharing arrangement have taken different forms such as --

1.HORIZONTAL DIVISION OF POWER

Power is shared among different organs of the government, like the legislature,executiveand judiciary. This ensures that none of the organs can exercise unlimited power.Each organ checks the others and thus balance of power among various institutions is maintained. Minister and government officials are responsible to the parliament and state assemblies.Similarly,judges though appointed by the executes,keep a check on the functioning of executives and laws made by the legislatures.This arrangement is called a system of checks and balances.

2. VERTICAL POWER OF DIVISION

Power can be shared among governments at different levels. A general government for the entire countrey which is called federal government or a central government or union government in India. And the government at the provincial level or state level. Same principle is extended to the lower level than state government such as municipal corporation and panchayats.This is also called federal division of power.

3. COMMUNITY GOVERNMENT

   The countries having community government shares the power among different social groups,such as religious and linguistic groups.Belgium is the example of having this type of government. Such government would give space in the government and administration to diverse social group who otherwise would feel alienated from the government. This method is used to give minority community a fair share in power.

4. COALITION GOVERNMENT

Power is also shared through coalition government. When two or more parties form an alliance to contest election. If their alliance is elected they form a coalition government and thus share power. In a democracy the interest group such as those of traders ,businessman,industrialist,farmers and industrial workers.They also will have a share in governmental power,either through participation in governmental committees or bringing influence on the decision making process.

QUESATION NO 2

State one prudential reason and one moral reason for power sharing with an example from the Indian context.

ANSWER

PRUDENTIAL REASON

  Power sharing is good because it helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social group. Since social conflict often leads to violance and politically instability,power sharing is a good way to ensure the stability of polital order.

MORAL REASON

Power sharing is the very spirit of democracy. In democracy people have a right to be consulted on how they are to be governed. For example the division of power among differents units in India is a suitable example of moral reason for power sharing.

QUESTION NO 3

After reading this chapter,three students drew different conclusions. Which of these do you agree with and why? Give your reasons in about 50 words.

Thomman --  Power sharing is necessary only in socities which have religious,linguistic or ethnic divisions.

Mathayi--  Power sharing is suitable only for big countries that have regional divisions.

Ouseph---  Every society needs some form of power sharing even it is small or does not have social division.  

ANSWER

Ouseph statement is more accurate because every society needs power sharing even if they are small or do not have social division.A democrative system of government ensure that citizens acquire a stake in the system by active participation. It prevents conflicts between different groups in society. It helps to maintain a balance of power amongs various section of  the society. People will be more satisfied when they will have participation in the decision making in the government.

QUESTION NO 4

The Mayor of Merchtem,a town near Brussels in Belgium,has defended a ban on speaking French in town's schools. He said that the ban would help all non- Dutch speakers integrate in this Flemish town. Do you think that this measure is in keeping with the sprit of Belgium's power sharing arrangements? Give your reason in about 50 words.

ANSWER

This mesaure is not in keeping with Belgiums's power sharing arrangements.The arrangement seek to maintain peace between the french speaking and dutch speaking communities. By putting a ban on speaking french,there is a chances of civil unrest in the town.Both the languages should be made acceptable  in the town's school. This bilingual  education system will be a better way to integrate the people of the town.

QUESTION NO 5

Read the following passage  and pickout anyone of the prudential reasons for power sharing offered in this.

'' We need to give more power to the panchayats to realise the dream of Mahatma Gandhi and the hopes of the makers of our constitution.Panchayati Raj establishes true democracy.It restores power to the only place where power belongs in a  democracy ---- in the hands of the people.Giving power to the Panchayat is also way to reduce corruption and increase administrative efficiency, When people participate in the planning and implementation of developmental schemes,they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes. This would eliminate the corrupt middleman. Thus panchayat Raj strengthen will strengthen the foundation of our democracy.

ANSWER

When people participate in the planning  and implementation of developemental schemes,they would naturally exercise greater control over these schemes.This would eliminate the corrupt middleman.

QUESTION NO 6

Diffirent arguments are usually put forth in favour of and against power sharing.Identity those which are in favour of power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below.

Power sharing :

A. reduce conflict among different communities.

B. decreases the possibility of arbitrariness.

C. delay decision making process.

D. accommodates diversities.

E. increase instability and divisiveness.

F.promote people's participation in government.

G. undermines the unity of a country.

(a)  A /B/D/F

(b) A/C/E/F

 (c) A/B/D/G

(d)  B/C/D/G

ANSWER

(a) A B D F

QUESTION NO7

Consider the following statements about power sharing arrangements in Belgium and Sri Lanka :
A. In Belgium,the Dutch speaking majority people tried to impose their domination on the minority French speaking community.
B.In Sri Lanka, the policies of the government sought to ensure the dominance of the Sinhala  speaking majority.
C. The Tamils in Sri Lanka demanded a federal arrangement of power sharing to protect their culture,language and equality of oppurtinity in education and jobs.
D. The transformation of Belgium from unitary government to a federal one prevented a possible division of the country  on linguistic lines.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) A,B,C and D
(b) A,B and D
(c) C and D
(d) B,C and D

ANSWER

(d) B,C and D

QUESTION NO 8

Match list I (forms of power sharing) with list II (forms of government) and select the correct answer using the codes given below in the lists.

LIST I

1. Power shared amongs different organs of the government.

2. Power shared among governments at different levels.

3.Power shared by different social groups.

4. Power shared by two or more political parties.

LIST II

A. Community Government

B. Separation of Power

C.Coalition of Government

D. Federal Government

         1     2      3      4

(a)    D   A      B      C

(b)    B   C      D      A

(c)    B    D     A      C

(d)    C   D      A     B

ANSWER

(c)   1    2     3     4

       B    D    A     C

QUESTION NO 9

Consider the following two statements on power sharing and select the answer using the codes given below.

A. Power sharing is good for democracy.

B. It helps to reduce the possibility of conflict between social groups.

Which of these statements are true and false ?

(a) A is true and B is false

(b) Both A and B are true

(c) Both A and B are false

(d) A is false but B is true.

ANSWER 

(b) Both A and B are true