NCERT CLASS 10 UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

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 NCERT CLASS 10 CHAPTER 1
 DEVELOPMENT

QUESTION NO 1

  Development of a country can generally be determined by --
(i) its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii) health status of its people
(iv) all of above

ANSWER - 

 (i)   its per capita income

QUESTION NO -2

 Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in term of human development than India.
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv )Pakistan

ANSWER

   (ii) Sri Lanka

QUESTION NO 3

 Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000,and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family.

ANSWER 

   Average income =    Total sum of income of four families
                                       --------------------------------------------------------
                                                          4
                                 4000 + 7000 +3000 + X ( suppose X is the income of fourth family)
            5000     =                  ---------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 4
                 14000 +X  =  20000
                 X     =   20000- 14000 = 6000

(iv)   6000

QUESTION NO 4

What is the main criterion used by the world bank in classifying different countries ? what are the limitation of this criterion,if any?

ANSWER

  The world bank consider only the per capita income as the indicator of the development of the countries. On the basis of 2016 statistics countries with per capita income of US$ 12336 per annum and above is called rich countries. Countries those per capita income is US$ 1840 comes in low middle income countries. India comes in low middle income category. Countries those per capita income is US$ 1005 or less are called low income category.

LIMITATION OF THIS CRITERION 

 1.  It is not clear that how this average income is distributed among the people in the individual countries.
2. Two countries with same per capita income might be  very different with regard to Income distribution . In  one country  might have equitable distribution of income while in other country  might have great difference between the rich and the poor.

QUESTION NO 5   

    In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank ?

ANSWER 

     The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is the education level of the people,their health status and per capita income. These are the important measures taken by UNDP. While world Bank measure only per capita income.

QUESTION NO 6 

  Why do we use average? Are there any limitation to their use? Illustrate with your own example related to development.

ANSWER

     Since different countries  have different populations, comparing total income does not clarifies what an average person it likely to earn. Hence, it is required to compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. Average income is used because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, average have to be used because there are differences in the income of different people.

LIMITATION OF THE USE OF AVERAGE

1.   Although  averages are useful for comparison they hide disparities. For example, there maybe two countries A and B, where the per capita  incomes of the both countries  may be the same. In country A most of the people have higher incomes or differences of income is less, but in country B a few people are extremely reach with high income while most of the people are extremely poor with very less income.  So everybody would like to live in country A because it has more equitable distribution while country B, there is much difference between in the income of the rich and poor.

2.   Even though averages are useful for comparison, there may be also ambiguity. For example, the infant mortality rate of country does not reveal between the male and female infant mortality. 

QUESTION NO 7

      Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better Human Development ranking than Punjab, per capita income is not a useful criteria at all and should not be used to compare States. Do you agree? discuss.

ANSWER

   Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better Human Development ranking than Punjab. however, it would be wrong to say that per capita income is not a useful criteria at all. It is evident that it has some limitation,but this does not mean that it is not useful at all. To counter the inadequacy of the average, the human development index (HDI) is used. The HDI use a combination of development factors such as health education, and income for comparison. Per capita income is one of the development factors and cannot be ignored. Also per capita income is useful for comparing the money index of states. 

QUESTION NO 8.

   Find out the present sources of energy that are useful by the people in India.  what would be the other possibilities 50 years from now?

ANSWER NO

  The present source of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal,crude oil,cow dung and solar energy .Other possibilities 50 years from now would include ethanol, bio -diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy too.

QUESTION -  NO 9

    Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

  ANSWER  

   Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources. But if the available resources will not be utilised judiciously it would be difficult for the future generations to get adequate resources for their use. The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the following reasons -

1.  Development must be in relation with the future. The available resources must be utilised judiciously.
2    If natural resources are not sustained development will stop after a period of time and alternate resources may be explored.
3.   Resources should not be exploit unethically because it will not be available for future generation and future progress. 

QUESTION NO 10

     The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person. How is the statement relevant to the discussion of development? discuss.

ANSWER

  Earth has enough resources to meet the requirement of all only in the case that these resources would be utilised judiciously. If these resources will be overused in greedy manner then there will be scarcity of the natural resources and after very short span of time it will be finished. It would not be available for the future use. For the sustainable development it is important to use the natural resources judiciously not in greedy manner.

QUESTION NO 11  

   List a few examples of environmental degradation that you have observed around you.

ANSWER 

   Due to over use and misuse of the resources, environmental becomes degraded. Deforestation, falling levels of groundwater, soil erosion, water pollution,  burning of fossil fuels the hole in the Ozone layer and the emission of harmful gases from automobiles causing extreme air pollution  especially in the urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

QUESTION NO 12

  For each of items given in the table 1.6,find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
ANSWER
  (i)  Per capita Gross National Income in US$ -  Top Country= Sri Lanka
                                                                                   Bottom Country = Nepal

  (ii)  Life Expectancy At Birth -       Top Country=   Sri Lanka
                                                              Bottom Country = Myanmar and Pakistan

  (iii) Literacy Rate for 15 + yrs population -  Top Country Sri Lanka
                                                                             Bottom Country - Pakistan

 (iv)  HDI Rank in the World =   Top Country =  Sri Lanka
                                                         Bottom Country = Nepal

QUESTION NO 13


        The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on the survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

(i)  Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around 40% of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country ? Describe in your own words.

ANSWER

 (i) The nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh are different. In Kerala 22% men and 19%  women are undernourished. The percentage of male and female undernourished in Madhya Pradesh are 43% and 42%. This shows that Kerala has better nourished people then Madhya Pradesh. The undernourishment average for Madhya Pradesh is greater than that of the entire country, while that for Kerala is lower than the national average.

  (ii)  Despite the presence of adequate food in country, around 40% of Indians are undernourished. This is because of the not having sufficient storage facility of grains. It has been seen that huge amount of grains are rotten  during rainy season. Another reason is  unsystematic distribution of food. Some states in country ensure smooth running up ration shops and other form of public distribution system. The supply of essential commodities to the people through government agencies known as Public Distribution system. Its benefit the weaker section of the society . The ration shops under the PDS help the population maintain the nutritional status of the people by making food available to them. There is a requirement to strengthen the storage capacity and PDS to reduce the undernourishment.













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