NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE

CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (ECONOMICS)
CHAPTER 4 GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY

QUESTION NO 1

What do you understand by globalisation?Explain in your words.

ANSWER 

Globilisation is integration between countries through foreign trade and foreign investments by multinational companies. The followings are the key point of globalisation -

1. Globalisation means integration of economy with world economy.

2. Under globalisation a country becomes economically interdependant at the global level.

3. In globalisation goods,services,investment and technology are moving between countries.

QUESTION NO2

What was reason for putting barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment by Indian government? Why did it wish to remove these barrier.

ANSWER

The followings are the reason for putting barrier to foreign trade and foreign investment by the Indian government--

1. To protect the domestic producers of the country from foreign competition.

2. The competition from importers would have damaged the new -born industries of India. Hence import was allowed to only quite necessary items like machinary,fertilisers,petrolium etc.

  After a sustainable growh of India companies  later in the 1990s,the goverment wished to remove these barriers because it was felt that Indian producers were ready to compete with foreign industries. It also felt that foreign competition will improve the quality of goods produced by Indian industries.Hence, the government decided that the time had come for Indian producers to compete with producer around the globe.

QUESTION NO 3

How would flexibility in labour laws help companies?

ANSWER

 Flexibility in labour law helped companies especially multinational companies.The Indian government has taken several steps to attract foreign companies to invest in India. In the organised sector,the companies have to obey rules set by the government to protect the right of the workers.But government has flexible to many companies to ignor many of these rules. As a result, companies hire workers for a short period when there is pressure of work. Some oher privelege for which workers are eligible companies due to flexible labour law may curtail them. It would help to reduce the cost of labour for the company.

QUESTION NO 4

  What are the various ways in which MNCs set up or control,produuction in other countries?

ANSWER

MNCs usually set up production where it is close to the market,where there is skilled and unskilled labour available at low casts and where the availability of other factors of production is assured. MNCs also look government policies that look after their interest.

The following are various ways in which MNCs control production in other countries --

1. By setting up partnerships with local companies---MNCs set up production jointly with some of the local companies.The benefit to the local company of such joint production is two fold. First MNCs can provide money to these local companies for expansion for their business such as buying new machine for faster production. Secondly MNCs might bring with them latest technology for production.

2. The most common route for MNC investment is to buy up local companies and to expand production.

3. By using local companies for supply--

 Large MNCs in developed countries place orders for production with small producers, for example garments,footwear,sport items etc. The products are supplied to MNCs which they sell it under their own brand name.These large MNCs have great power to determine the price and quality of these products.

 QUESTION NO 5

 Why do developed countries want developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment? what do you think should the developing countries demand in return?

ANSWER

Developed countries want the developing countries to liberalise their trade and investment because the MNCs belonged to the developed countries can set up factories in less expensive developing nations,hence increase profits with lower manufacturing cost and high sale price.

The interest of the local companies must be protected while liberalising the trade.Because MNCs have the capable of investing of huge amount of money and they can manipulate the price of their products. Also charges should be levied on MNCs looking to set up base in developing country.

QUESTION NO 6

 ''  The impact of globalisation has not been uniform . Explain the statement.

ANSWER

Globalisation has been proved beneficial for the top Indian companies but a large number of small producers and workers globalisation has posed a major challenges.

        Top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition.They have invested in newer technology and production methods and raised their production standard.some have gained from successful collaboration with foreign companies and emerged as a multinational themselves such as Tata Motors,Infosy, Ranbaxy,Asian paints etc.

      But a large number of small producers and workers globalisation gas posed great problem.Many small industry could not competete with multinational companys. Due to huge loss several units have shut down rendering many workers jobless. Thus it can be said that impact of globalisation has not been uniformed.

QUESTION NO 7

How has liberalisation of trade and investment policies helped the globalisation process?

ANSWER

Liberalisation of trade and investment policies has helped the globalisation process by making foreign trade and and foreign investment easier.With liberalisation of trade,business are allowed to make decisions freely about what they wish to import or export. The government imposes much less restrictions than before and therefore said to be more liberal.Copanies can do their business without restriction globally.

QUESTION NO 8

How does foreign trade lead to integration of markets across counties? Explain with an example other than those given here.

ANSWER 

1.Foreign trade gives an opportunity to producers to sell their goods in other countries of the world.Producers can sell their product not only in domestic markets but can also compete in global market.
2. Foreign trade gives opportunity to producers in the two countries closely compete against each other even though they are far away from each other.
      This is how market are integrated through foreign trade. For example chinese electronic items are imported to India and have given  a tough competition to Indian companies which have not advanced technology so their input cost is more compare to chinese product.

QUESTION NO 9      

Globalisation will continue in fuure. Can you imagine what the world would be like twenty years from now? Give reason for your answer.

ANSWER

If globalisation will continue in future, twenty years from now the world will be more globally connected and integrated into one international economy,but process of globalisation should continue on fair and equitable basis. After 20 years,the world would undergo a positive change with healthy competition,improved production efficiency,increased volume of output,better income and employment,better living standard,greater availability of information and modern technology.

   Alongwith above changes some others changes will also happen --
1. Human resources,both quantitywise and quality wise will be available globally.
2. All majour countries will have a broad source and industrial base.
3. Enterpreneurship will grow.
4. Domestic markets of all major countries will experience growth.

QUESTION NO 10

Supposing you find two people arguing: one is saying globalisation has hurt our country's development. The other is telling,globalisation is helping India develop. How would you respond to these arguments?

ANSWER  

Both the arguments are right to some extent. We can say that globilisation has positive as well as negative impact on our countrys developments.

POSITIVE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION

    There are several positive impact of globalisation such as--

1. Avalability of variety of products which enabled the consumers to have greater choice and enjoyed improved quality and lower price for several products.

2. This lead to higher standard of living.

3. Increase in foreign direct investment.

4. Creation of new jobs in certain industries.

5.Globalisation has enabled some large Indian companies to emerge as multinational by investing in new technology and production method  along with the successful collaboration with foreign companies. For example Tata Motors,Infosyetc.

6. Created new opportunities for companies providing services,particularly those involving IT.

NEGATIVE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION

   There are some negative impact of globalisation also such as --

1. Small producer failed to compete with multination companies and got perished.Rising competition has led to shutting down of many units.Many workers became jobless. For example small producers which were manufacturing batteries,capacitors,plastics,toys,dairy products and vegetable oils have been hit hard due to tough competition.

2. Globalisation and pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of workers.Faced with growing competition most employer prefer to employ workers 'flexibily'. This means workers jobs are no longer secure.

QUESTION NO 11

Fill in the blanks-

Indian buyers have a greater choice of goods than they did two decades back.This is closely associated with the process of (a)----------------. Markets in India are selling goods produced in many other countries.These means there is increasing (b)-------------- with other countries. Moreover, the rising number of brands that we see in the market might be produced by MNCs in India.MNCs are investing in India because (c)--------------------------.While consumer have more choices in the market,the effect of rising(d)--------------and (e)-----------------has meant greater(f)---------------among the producers.

ANSWER

(a) globalisation (b) trade
(c) production cost here are cheaper
(d) demand
(e) purchasing power
(f) competition

QUESTION NO 12

Match the followings-                             

                  (A)

(i) MNCs buy at cheap rates from small producers.
(ii) Quotas and taxes on imports are used to regulate trade.
(iii) Indian companies who have invested abroad.
(iv) IT has helped in spreading of production of services.
(v) Several MNCs have invested in setting up factories in India for production.

             (B)

(a) Automobile
(b) Garments,footwear,sports items
(c) Call centers
(d) Tata Motors,Infosys, Ranbaxy
(e) Trade barrier

ANSWER

(i) ------- (b)
(ii)-------(e)
(iii)-------(d)
(iv)-------(c)
(v)--------(a)

QUESTION NO 13

Choose the most appropriate option.
(i) The past two decades of globalisation has seen rapid movements in

 (a) goods,services and people between countries.
 (b) goods,services and investments between countries.
 (c) goods,investments and people between countries.

(ii) The most common route of investment by MNCs in countries around the world is to-
  (a) set up new factories
  (b) buy existing local companies.
  (c) form partnership with local companies.

(iii) Globalisation has led to improvement in living conditions.

   (a) of all the people
   (b) of people in the developed countries.
   (c) of workers in the developing countries.
   (d) non of the above

ANSWER  

(i)--------------(b)
(ii)-------------(b)
(iii)------------(d)
                     

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE

SOCIAL SCIENCE CLASS 10 (ECONIMS)

CHAPTER -03
MONEY AND CREDIT

QUESTION NO 1

    In situation with high risks,credit might creat further problem for the borrower. Explain.

ANSWER

In a siuation of high interest rate when the repaymen of the loan becomes difficult and credit instead of improving the earnings,pushes the borrower into a situaion from which recovery is very difficult and painful.This situaion is called debt trap. in this situation borrower is forced to give up his collateral or asset used as a guranee to the lender.

QUESTION NO 2

 How does money solve the problem of double coincidence of wants? Explain with an example of your own.

ANSWER

In double coincidence of wants both parties have to agree to sell and buy each others commodities. But problem arise in this system when one person does not have the requirement of commodity offered by other.It can be understand with he following example suppose one person want to sell shoes and required rice but buer have he rice but does not required shoes to buy in this case  transaction cannot be settled.
Money solves the problem of double coincidence of wants by acting as a medium of exchange. The transaction are made in money because a person holding money can easily exchange it for any commodity or service that he or she wants.

QUESTION NO 3

How do banks mediate between those who have surplus money and those who need money?

ANSWER

Bank mediate between those who have surplus money and hose who need money in the following way--

1. Banks keep only a small proporion of their deposits as cash with themselves,as a provision to pay to depositers who might come to withdraw from the bank on any given day.

2. Banks use their major portion of the deposits to extend loan who are in need of money. Hence the bank act as a mediator between the people who have surplus money (depositors) and those who are in need of money ( borrowers).

3.They charge higher rate of inerest on the loan comparatively what they offer on deposits. The  difference between interes charged from the borrowers and  interest paid to depositors is the profit of the bank.

QUESTION NO 4

 Look at 10 rupees note. What is written on top ?Can you explain this statement?

ANSWER

After seeing the 10 rupees note it is observed that following words are written on top --

RESERVE BANK OF INDIA

Guranteed by the central government

I promise to pay the bearer

the sum of Ten rupees

Signaure

Governer

Explanation  -

A ten rupee note has ''Resrve bank of India''and guranteed by central government written on the top it means that it is issued by the Reserve Bank of India on behalf of central government which is the cenral bank and monitoring agency of the financial sectors of India.

Reserve Bank of India promise that he will pay the bearer the Ten rupees it proves the authenticity of currency hence no one can deny to accept this note.

QUESTION NO 5

 Why do we need to expand formal source of credit in India?

ANSWER

 There are so many reasons which indicates that formal source of credit should be expand.

1. Most of the borrowers are farmers in rural areas which borrow money for their agriculural needs and try o pay after harvesting of crop. Informal lenders charge a very high interest rate on loan.It means that the borrowing cost will be higher.

2. Higher cost of borrowing means a larger portion of earning of the borrower is used to repay the loan and they have less income left with themselves.

3. Farmers needs every year some amount as a loan for their agricultural needs. Continue borrowing at higher interest rate leads to increasing debt and finally debt trap.

4.People who might wish to start an enterprise by borrowing may not be able to do so because of the high cost of borrowing.

5. For participation of farmer in agriculture sector and for small scale industry it is necessity that banks and cooperatives must lend more at reasonable interest rate.

6. Cheap and affordable credit is important for the country's development.Hence it is necessary to expand formal sources of credit in our country. 

QUESTION NO 6

What is the basic idea behind the SHGs for the poors?Explain in your own words.

ANSWER

Self-Help Groups consist of certain members who collect their savings and constitute a fund which is used in making finance to others needy members.Members of the SHGs group get credit at reasonal interest rate like formal sectors and it helps borrowers overcome the problem of lack collateral.Hence will not be in debt trap due to very high interest rate charged by informal sectors. It helps women to become self -reliant.

QUESTION NO 7

What are the reasons why the banks might not be willing to lend to certain borrowers?

ANSWER

The banks are sometimes not willing to lend to certain borrowers because of the following reasons--

1. Some people are not able to produce certificate of their earning.

2. There are some people who have a history of non -repayment of loans.

3. Banks seek collateral before giving the loan. Those who failed to provide colateral banks denied to give loan for them.

4. Banks required guranters for disbursing loan.Bank denied to give loan in case of non availability of guranters.

QUESTION NO 8

In what ways does theReserve Bank of India supervise the functioning of banks?

ANSWER

 The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of bank in the following way-

1. The Reserve Bank of India supervises the functioning of the formal sources of loans.

2. It monitors the banks that how much they are maintaining cash balance.

3. It monitors the banks abou the loan giving not just to profit making business but also farmers,small scale industries,small borrowers etc because these people plays important role in the growth of the economy.

4.Periodically banks have to submit information to the RBI that how much they are lending,to whom they are lending and at what interest rate etc.

QUESTION NO 9

Analyse the role of credit for development.

ANSWER

The formal sectors such as banks and coperative societies need to lend more.Because of the lower interest rate borrowers would lead to higher incomes and many people can borrow cheaply for various needs. They can take loan for crops,for doing business,to set up small scale industries etc.They could set up new industries or trades in goods.These people and sector helps in the growth of economy of the country.Hence cheap and affordable credit is crucial for the country's development.

QUESTION NO 10

Manav needs a loan to set up a small business.On what basis will Manav decide whether to borrow from the bank or the moneylender? Discuss.

ANSWER

Manav will decide on whether to borrow from the bank or the money lender on the basis of following factors--

1. For getting loan from bank he must have a collateral or asset that can be kept as a gurantee. If he does not have such as asset,he can't get a loan from the bank. In this situation he will have to go to moneylender for getting loan.

2. If there are no banks near his area or workplace,then he will borrow from a moneylender.

3. In case of unawareness of the consequences of borrowing of loan from the informal sector,he might not even consider taking a bank loan.

4. In case of not having the proper document required by bank he may approach to moneylender for loan.

QUESTION NO 11

In India,about 80 percent of farmers are small farmers,who need credit for cultivation.

(a) Why might banks be unwilling to lend to small farmers?

(b) What are the other sources from which the small farmer can borrow?

(c) Explain with an example how the term of credit can be unfavourable for he small farmers.

(d) Sugges some was by which small farmers can get cheap credit.

ANSWER

(a) Banks might be unwilling to lend to small farmers because they uaually lack of proper documents and collateral or asset.

(b) The other sources from which the small farmers can borrow are moneylenders,relative,friends,self-help group and cooperative banks.

(c) The term of credit can be unfavourable for the small farmers if he has a bad crop,and is forces to either surrender his collateral, if  he has borrowed from the bank or sell a part of land (if he borrowed from the informal sector),in order to repay his loan.

(d) Self-help groups and cooperaive banks do not require collateral as a gurantee,hence they can provide cheap credit to the small farmers.

QUESION NO 12

Fill in the blanks;

(i) Majority of the credit needs of the ----------------------------------household are met from informal source.

(ii) -------------------  cost of borrowing increases the debt burden.  

(iii) --------------issues currency notes on behalf of the Central government.
(iv) Banks charge a higher interest rate on loans than what they offer on-----------.
(v) ----------------  is an asset that the borrower owns and uses as a gurantee until the loan is repaid to the lender.

ANSWER

(i) poor
(ii) High
(iii) Reserve Bank of india
(iv) deposits
(v) collateral

QUESTION NO 13 

Choose he most appropriate answer.

(i) In a SHGs most of the decisions regarding saving and loan activities are taken by

(a) Bank

(b) Members

(c) Non-governmen organisation

(ii) Formal source of credit does not include 

(a) Banks

(b) Cooperaives

(c) Employers

ANSWER

(i) (b) Members
(ii) (c) Employers

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10
SOCIAL SCIENCE ECONOMICE
CHAPTER 2
SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY

QUESTION NO1 

    Fill in the blanks using the correct option given in the bracket :

(i) Employment in the service sector ----------  increased to the same extent as production. (has/has not)

(ii) Workers  in the  ------------- sector do not produce goods. (tertiary/ agriculture)

(iii) Most of the worker in the -------------  sector enjoy job security. (organised/ unorganised)

(iv) A -------------  proportion of labours in India are working in the unorganised sector. (large/small)

(v) Cotton is a ---------  product and cloth is a ------------ product. (natural/manufactured)

(vi) The activities in the primary,secondary and tertiary sectors are -----------.

(independent/interdependent)

ANSWER 

(i) has not  (ii) tertiary

(iii)organised (iv) large

(v) natural, manufactured

(vi) interdepedent

QUESTION NO 2

Choose the most appropriate answer :

(a) The sectors are classified into public and private sector on the basis of  :

      (i)  employment condition

      (ii)  the nature of economic activity

      (iii) ownership of enterprises

      (iv) number of workers employed in the enterprises

(b) Production of a community,mostly through the natural process,is an activity in ----

       sector.

       (i) primary

       (ii)  secondary

       (iii) tertiary

      (iv) information technology

(c) GDP is the total value of ----------------- produced during a particular year.

      (i) all goods and services

      (ii) all final goods and services

      (iii) all intermediate goods and services

      (iv) all intermediate and final goods and services.

(d)  In term of GDP the share of tertiary sector in 2013-14 is between ------percent.

       (i) 20 to 30

       (ii) 30 to 40

       (iii) 50 to 60

       (iv) 60 to 70

ANSWER

(a) (iii) ownership of enterprises

(b) (i) primary

(c) (ii) all final goods and services

(d) (iii) between 50 percent to 60 percent.

QUESTION NO 3

  Match the followings : 

Problem faced by farming sector

1. Unirrigated land

2. Low prices for crop

3. Debt burden

4. No job in the off season

5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local trader soon after harvest

Some possible measures

(a) Setting up agro based mills

(b) Cooperative marketing societies

(c) Procurement of food grains by government

(d) Construction of canals by the governments

(e) Banks to provide credit with low interest

ANSWER

Problem faced by farming sector

1. Unirrigated land

2. Low prices for crop

3. Debt burden

4. No job in the off season

5. Compelled to sell their grains to the local trader soon after harvest

Some possible measures

(d) Construction of canals by government

(c) Procurement of food grains by government

(e) Banks to provide credit with low interest

(a) Setting of agro based mills

(b) Cooperative marketing societies

QUESTION NO 4

Find out odd one out and say why.

(i) Tourist guide,dhobi,tailor,potter

(ii) Teacher,doctor,vegetable vendor,lawyer

(iii) Postman,cobbler,soldier,police constable

(iv) MTNL,Indian Railway,Air India,Jet Airways,All India Radio

ANSWER

(i) Tourist Guide- He is appointed bt the government whereas Dhobi,the tailor and the potter belonged to the private sector.

(ii) Vegetable vendor: He does not require a formal qualification for doing the job whereas the other required a specific qualification for their respective job.

(iii) Cobbler: He is related to the private sector whereas others are related to he public sectors.

(iv) SAHARA Airlines: It is a private enterprises,while the rest are government undertakings.

QUESTION NO 5

A research scholar looked at the working people in the city of Surat and found the following.

Complete the table. What is the percentage of workers in the unorganised sector in the city?

ANSWER

Own shops,offices,       Organised      15
clinic in market
places wi formal
licence.
-__________________________________________
people working on       unorganised   20
street ,consrucion
workers,domestic
worker
-__________________________________________
Working in small          Unorganised   50
workshops usuall
no regisered wih
the government

The percentage of workers in the unorganised sectors in the city is 70.

QUESTION NO 6

 Do you think the classification of economic activities into primary,secondaryand tertiary is  useful?Explain how.

ANSWER

Classificaion of economics in primary,secondary and tertiarry is very useful. it can be understand wih the following reasons:

1.  On the basis of this classification it provides the informaion about how many people are employed in which sector.

2. It helps in ascertaining as to which sector of the economic activity contributes more or less o country's GDP and participation in per capia income.

3. As it ascertain the participation in the GDP ,it reveals which sector is participating in the economy very well and the sectors which are not participate  well in the economy government can take positive measures for the improvement of that sector , which will  boost the economy and  will also improve the GDP.

QUESTION NO 7

  For each of the sectors that we came across in this chapter why one should focus on employment and GDP ? Could there be other issues which should be examined? Discuss.

ANSWER

Focus should be on the employment and GDP because of he following reasons.

1. These determines the size of the country's economy.
2. It helps to determine in two important things first per capita income and second is productivity.
3. In each of the three sectors, employment rate and contribution in the GDP helps to understand the growth and comparission of each sector. On the basis of information government can take the initiative to improve the sectors which have lagging behind.

QUESTION NO 8

 Make a long list of all kind of work that you find adults around you doing for a living. In what way can you classify them? Explain your choice.

ANSWER 

People are engaged in various economic activities in our surroundings such as doctor,lawyer,postman,teacher,farmer,cobbler,soldier,police,potter,dhobi,tailor,mine worker,construction worker etc.

People doing       The economic     Nature of Activity 

different Job       Sector

Farmer            Unorganided         Primary

Teacher          Organised Sector   Tertiary
Doctor            Organised Sector    Tertiary

Lawyer           Organised sector    Tertiary
Post man        Organised                 Tertiary
Cobbler           Unorganised            Tertiary
Dhobi              Unorganised            Tertiary
Construction  Unorganised           Secondary
worker
Mine Worker  Unorganised        Primary

Bank Clerk      Organised            Tertiary

QUESTION NO 9

 How is the tertiary sector different from other sectors? Illustrate with a few examples.

ANSWER

  Tertiary sector provide aid or support for the production process. Since this sector generates services so it is also called service sector. It helps in the development of primary and secondary sectors. Some examples of tertiary sectors are as follows.

1. Transportation -  

   Goods that are produced in the primary sector need to be transported to the wholesale market and retail shops to sell  train,trucks,tractor and so many mini trucks are used to transport.

2. Storage 

 Some raw productions needs to be stored because of low price at the time of harvesting of the crop. Farmers need to keep their production in storage for getting better price.

3.  COMMUNICATION

    Communication is the important to execute the work such as for arranging transport,speaking to buyer of their product,sending letters etc.

4. Banking

    Farmers needs money for their agricultural activity such as purchasing of seeds,fertilisers, labour charge for sowing and for hire of agricultural tools etc.Farmers borrows money from the banks and after the harvesting the crop they sell the crop and repay the loan amout.

QUESTION No 10

  What do you understand by disguised unemployment? Explain with an example each from the urban and rural area.

ANSWER

   Disguied unemployment is a situation in which more people are employed than actual requirement. If some people will be withdrawn from the job there will be no effect on the production. In rural areas in a small piece of agricultural land all the members of the family works in the where working of all the members are not  required. They all indulde in farming because of not having any other job. In urban areas,disguised unemployment can be seen in the service sector where painters,plumbers,repair persons and others are doing irregular job they are not getting job on regular basis.Vegetables vendors sometimes sell the very minimum amount of vegetables in whole day it means they are working less than their capacity.

QUESTION NO 11  

   Distinguish between open unemployment and disguished unemployment.

ANSWER

OPEN UNEMPLOYMENT

1. It is a situation when a person has no job in hand and does not earn anything at all.

2. It is clearly visible.

3. The more people will be unemployment the production will be affected.

DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT

1.  It is a situation where it is seen that people are working but they works with less potential they have.

 2. It is hidden.

3. If a few people move out, it will not affect the production. Because in disguised unemployment people are working with less capacity.

QUESTION NO 12

'' Tertiary sector is not playing any significant role in the development of Indian economy.'' Do you agree? Give reason in support of your answe.

ANSWER 

 No, it's not true. In fact tertiary sector is playing a significant role in the development of indian economy,especially in last two decades.In the last decades the information and technology has grown a lot. The share in GDP of tertiary sector has grown from 40% in 1973 to more than 50% in 2003. So it is evident that tertiary sector is playing a significant role in the development of Indian economy. It helps in the develpoment of primary and secondary sectors.

QUESTION NO 13

   Service sector in India employs two different kinds of people. Who are these?

ANSWER

  Service sectore employ two different kinds of people first those who are highly skilled and educated workers such as workers in call centers, doctors,engineers etc.Secondaly there are very large numbers of workers engaged in the services like mechanics,transport person,painters,plumbers etc. These people hardly manage their livelihood.

QUESTION NO 14

 Workers are exploited in the unorganised sector,Do you agree with this view? Give reason in support of your answer.

ANSWER

Yes, I do agree with the view that workers are exploited in the unorganised sector. In unorganised sector there is no control of the government hence the owner exploits their workers in terms of low wages and increasing working hour. There is no job security in the unorganised sector. They follow the principle no work no payment. There is no medical facility,no proper ventilation on work pace,canteen facility for which they are authorised but they are not getting.

QUESTION NO 15.

  How are the activities in the economy classified on the basis of employment conditions?

ANSWER

On the basis of employment condition, the activities are classified in the following ways.

1.  ORGANISED SECTOR

   This sector is registered by the government and follow its rule and regulation which are given in the forms of various law such as Factory Act,Minimum wages Act,Payment of gratuity Act,etc. They enjoyed various protective measures taken by the government like job security,fixed working hours,advantage of overtime,paid leave,provident fund,gratuity etc.

UNORGANISED SECTOR

These are small and scattered units which are largly outside the control of the government. Woekers working in the unorganised are exploited by their owners in the form of low wages,job insecurity and no other faciliry for which they are authorized.

QUESTION NO 16.

 Compare the employment condition prevaling in the organised and unorganised sectors.

ANSWER

ORGANISED              UNORGANISED
SECTOR                       SECTOR

1.                                   1.

In organised sector   In unorganised 

employment are        sector people have

regular and people   no assured work.

have assured work.  they can be removed

                                      anytime.

2. Organised sectors 2. It is largely outside
are registered by          the control of the
government and they  government. They
have follow the rule    don't follow rules
set for these                  and regulation set
organisation like         by government for
Factory Act,Minimum the workers.
wage Act,Gratuity Act
etc.
3. It is called organised 3. In unorganised
sectors because it has    sectors there is no
some formal processes  formal processes or
and procedure.                procedure.
4. Workers in this         4. Workers in this
sectors enjoys security  sector do not enjoy
of employment.They     security of 

work only for fixed       employment.

hours.If they work more
they have to paid
overtime.

5. Worker in this sector 5. Workers in this
are getting several other  sectors are not

benefit from the                getting these all

employer such as paid    benefits.
leave,payment during
holiday,provident fund
pension,gratuity,medical
benefit etc.

QUESTION NO 17

Explain the objectives of implementing the MNREGA 2005.

ANSWER

Its main objecive was to provide emploment in the rural area for he poor people.According to the NREGA all those who are in need of work would be guranteed 100 days of employmen in a year by the  government. If government fails in its duy to provide employmen then unemployment allowance will be given to registered workers under NREGA.

QUESTION NO 18

 Using examples from your area compare and contrast that activities and functions of private and public sectors.

ANSWER

PUBLIC SECTOR

   In public sector,the government owns most of the assets and provides all the services. e.g. The Indian Railway,Post office.Public Sector Banks etc.

PRIVATE SECTOR

 In a private sector,ownership of assets and delivery of services is in the hand of the private individuals or companies.e.g Reliance,Tata motor,Airtel etc.

QUESTION NO 19

  Discuss and fill the following table giving one example each from your area.

ANSWER

PUBLIC SECTOR

Well Managed Organisation-- Post offices
Badly Managed Organisation- Air India

PRIVATE SECTOR

Well Managed Organisation-  Reliance
Badly Managed Organisation- Yes Bank

QUESTION NO 20

  Give a few examples of public sector activities and explain why the government has taken them up.

ANSWER

Public sector activities are provision of water,electricity and construction of roads,bridges,railways,generating electricity,providing irrigation through dams etc.
Activity in the private sector are guided by the motive to earn profits.To get these services people have to pay money to private sectors.
The purpose of the public sector is not just earn to earn profits.Governments raise money through taxes and other ways to meet expenses on the services rendered by it.Thus government have to undertake such heavy spending and ensure that these facilities are available for everyone.

QUESTION NO 21

Explain how public sector contributes to the economic development of a nation.

ANSWER

In public sector,the government owns most of the assets and provides all services.Public sector industries main purpose is for social welfare and provide all kind of facilities to their workers which they deserve to get. It plays a vital role in contributing to the Human Development Index through its functioning in health and education services. Quality education and education for all specially the primary education is the responsibilty of the government. The government pays attention to the aspect of human development such as availability of safe drinking water,housing facility for the poors,education,providing good health system and food and nutrition.Government buying food grains at a ''fair price'' from farmers,providing electricity,water and postal services at low rates. The government ensures that citizens of the country have a good living standards.

QUESTION NO 22

 The workers in the unorganised sector need protection on the following issue : wages,safety and health. Explain with examples.

ANSWER

  The unorganised sector is characterised by small and scattered units which are largely outside the control of the government.In this sector there is no provision for overtime,paid leave,leave due to sickness and job security. There are some rights of workers which must be protected like wage,safety and health.

WAGES- 

 Workers in the unorganised sector are often exploited and not paid a fair wage. Their fare wage must be protected by the law. They must be given fair wages so that they can support their family comfortably.

SAFETY-

There are several workers who have works in mines or fireworks factories where there life are at risk. Their life risk must be protected and adequate safety measures must be adopted.

HEALTH-  

Long working hours and unhygienic working conditions pose great problems to the health of the workers. Adequate ventilation at work place,providing safe drinking water and healthy working environment must be created.

QUESTION NO 23

A Study in Ahmedabad found that out of 15,00,000 workers in the city, 11,00,000 worked in the unorganised sector. The total income of the city in this year (1997-1998) was 60,000 million. Out of this Rs 32,000 million was generated in the organised sector. Present this data as a table. What kind of ways should be thought of for generating more employment in the city?

ANSWER 

             Organised  Unorganided    Total

              sector          Sectot

No of    4,00,000      11,00,000      15,00,000
workers

Income  32,000       28,000         60,000

                Million     Million        Million

From the above data it is evident that out of 15,00,000 workers only 4,00,000 workers are employment in the organised sector. Here there is a scope to geretate the employment. In order to generate more employmentin in the city,more companies needs to be brought under organised sector,for this,the government must provide loans at minimal interest and aid to companies for their establishment.

QUESTION NO 24

The following tables gives the GDP in Rupees (crores) by three sectors :

( i ) Calculate the share of three sectors in GDP for 2000 and 2013.

( ii ) Show the data as bar diagram similar to graph 2 in the chapter.

( iii) What conclusion can we draw from the bar graph?

ANSWER

  In 1950

Total GDP of three sectors (in 1950)=

       80,000+19,000+39,000= 1,38,000 crores

Share of primary sector= 80,000
                                               ---------- x 100
                                              1,38,000
                                           =  57.97%
Share of secondary sector=

                                   19,000
                                   ----------- x 100
                                  1,38,000
                               = 13.76%

Share of tertiary sector =  39,000
                                               ----------- x 100
                                              1,38,000

                                           = 28.26%

  In 2011

Total GDP of three sectors (in 2011)=

    8,18,000 + 12,49,000 +28,18,000
   =  4,885,000 crores

Share of primary sector=  8,18,000
                                               -------------- x 100

                                                4,885,000
                                           = 16.75%
Share of secondary sector = 12,49,000
                                                   --------------- x100

                                                   4,885,000

Share of tertiry sector =  28,18,000
                                             --------------- x100

                                             4,885,000

(ii)

(iii)  The conclusion can be drawn from bar graph is the share of tertiary sector in the GDP has almost doubled. The primary sector has declined approx one third and secondary sector has doubled approx.

   

NCERT CLASS 10 UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

 NCERT CLASS 10 CHAPTER 1
 DEVELOPMENT

QUESTION NO 1

  Development of a country can generally be determined by --

(i) its per capita income

(ii) its average literacy level

(iii) health status of its people

(iv) all of above

ANSWER - 

 (i)   its per capita income

QUESTION NO -2

 Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in term of human development than India.

(i) Bangladesh

(ii) Sri lanka

(iii) Nepal

(iv )Pakistan

ANSWER

   (ii) Sri Lanka

QUESTION NO 3

 Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000,and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family.

ANSWER 

   Average income =    Total sum of income of four families

                                       --------------------------------------------------------

                                                          4

                                 4000 + 7000 +3000 + X ( suppose X is the income of fourth family)

            5000     =                  ---------------------------------------------------------------

                                                 4

                 14000 +X  =  20000

                 X     =   20000- 14000 = 6000

(iv)   6000

QUESTION NO 4

What is the main criterion used by the world bank in classifying different countries ? what are the limitation of this criterion,if any?

ANSWER

  The world bank consider only the per capita income as the indicator of the development of the countries. On the basis of 2016 statistics countries with per capita income of US$ 12336 per annum and above is called rich countries. Countries those per capita income is US$ 1840 comes in low middle income countries. India comes in low middle income category. Countries those per capita income is US$ 1005 or less are called low income category.

LIMITATION OF THIS CRITERION 

 1.  It is not clear that how this average income is distributed among the people in the individual countries.

2. Two countries with same per capita income might be  very different with regard to Income distribution . In  one country  might have equitable distribution of income while in other country  might have great difference between the rich and the poor.

QUESTION NO 5   

    In what respect is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank ?

ANSWER 

     The criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development is the education level of the people,their health status and per capita income. These are the important measures taken by UNDP. While world Bank measure only per capita income.

QUESTION NO 6 

  Why do we use average? Are there any limitation to their use? Illustrate with your own example related to development.

ANSWER

     Since different countries  have different populations, comparing total income does not clarifies what an average person it likely to earn. Hence, it is required to compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population. Average income is used because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, average have to be used because there are differences in the income of different people.

LIMITATION OF THE USE OF AVERAGE

1.   Although  averages are useful for comparison they hide disparities. For example, there maybe two countries A and B, where the per capita  incomes of the both countries  may be the same. In country A most of the people have higher incomes or differences of income is less, but in country B a few people are extremely reach with high income while most of the people are extremely poor with very less income.  So everybody would like to live in country A because it has more equitable distribution while country B, there is much difference between in the income of the rich and poor.

2.   Even though averages are useful for comparison, there may be also ambiguity. For example, the infant mortality rate of country does not reveal between the male and female infant mortality. 

QUESTION NO 7

      Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better Human Development ranking than Punjab, per capita income is not a useful criteria at all and should not be used to compare States. Do you agree? discuss.

ANSWER

   Kerala, with lower per capita income has a better Human Development ranking than Punjab. however, it would be wrong to say that per capita income is not a useful criteria at all. It is evident that it has some limitation,but this does not mean that it is not useful at all. To counter the inadequacy of the average, the human development index (HDI) is used. The HDI use a combination of development factors such as health education, and income for comparison. Per capita income is one of the development factors and cannot be ignored. Also per capita income is useful for comparing the money index of states. 

QUESTION NO 8.

   Find out the present sources of energy that are useful by the people in India.  what would be the other possibilities 50 years from now?

ANSWER NO

  The present source of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal,crude oil,cow dung and solar energy .Other possibilities 50 years from now would include ethanol, bio -diesel, nuclear energy and a better utilisation of wind energy too.

QUESTION -  NO 9

    Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?

  ANSWER  

   Every generation wants to get the maximum benefits from the available resources. But if the available resources will not be utilised judiciously it would be difficult for the future generations to get adequate resources for their use. The issue of sustainability is important for development because of the following reasons -

1.  Development must be in relation with the future. The available resources must be utilised judiciously.

2    If natural resources are not sustained development will stop after a period of time and alternate resources may be explored.

3.   Resources should not be exploit unethically because it will not be available for future generation and future progress. 

QUESTION NO 10

     The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person. How is the statement relevant to the discussion of development? discuss.

ANSWER

  Earth has enough resources to meet the requirement of all only in the case that these resources would be utilised judiciously. If these resources will be overused in greedy manner then there will be scarcity of the natural resources and after very short span of time it will be finished. It would not be available for the future use. For the sustainable development it is important to use the natural resources judiciously not in greedy manner.

QUESTION NO 11  

   List a few examples of environmental degradation that you have observed around you.

ANSWER 

   Due to over use and misuse of the resources, environmental becomes degraded. Deforestation, falling levels of groundwater, soil erosion, water pollution,  burning of fossil fuels the hole in the Ozone layer and the emission of harmful gases from automobiles causing extreme air pollution  especially in the urban areas are some of the examples of environmental degradation.

QUESTION NO 12

  For each of items given in the table 1.6,find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.

ANSWER

  (i)  Per capita Gross National Income in US$ -  Top Country= Sri Lanka

                                                                                   Bottom Country = Nepal

  (ii)  Life Expectancy At Birth -       Top Country=   Sri Lanka

                                                              Bottom Country = Myanmar and Pakistan

  (iii) Literacy Rate for 15 + yrs population -  Top Country Sri Lanka

                                                                             Bottom Country - Pakistan

 (iv)  HDI Rank in the World =   Top Country =  Sri Lanka

                                                         Bottom Country = Nepal

QUESTION NO 13

        The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on the survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.

(i)  Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) Can you guess why around 40% of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country ? Describe in your own words.

ANSWER

 (i) The nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh are different. In Kerala 22% men and 19%  women are undernourished. The percentage of male and female undernourished in Madhya Pradesh are 43% and 42%. This shows that Kerala has better nourished people then Madhya Pradesh. The undernourishment average for Madhya Pradesh is greater than that of the entire country, while that for Kerala is lower than the national average.

  (ii)  Despite the presence of adequate food in country, around 40% of Indians are undernourished. This is because of the not having sufficient storage facility of grains. It has been seen that huge amount of grains are rotten  during rainy season. Another reason is  unsystematic distribution of food. Some states in country ensure smooth running up ration shops and other form of public distribution system. The supply of essential commodities to the people through government agencies known as Public Distribution system. Its benefit the weaker section of the society . The ration shops under the PDS help the population maintain the nutritional status of the people by making food available to them. There is a requirement to strengthen the storage capacity and PDS to reduce the undernourishment.

NCERT CLASS 8 SCIENCE CHAPTER 6 COMBUSTION AND FLAME

  NCERT CLASS 8 SCIENCE CHAPTER 6
  COMBUSTION AND FLAME 

QUESTION NO 1.  

   List conditions under which combustion can take place.

ANSWER -

   Followings are the conditions under which combustion can take place -

1.  There should be presence of Oxygen.
2.  There should be a presence of inflammable substance.
3.  Requirement of the ignition Temperature. 

QUESTION NO 2

   Fill in the blanks.

  (a) Burning of wood and coal causes ----------------- of air.

  (b) A liquid fuel,used in home is -------------------.

  (c) Fuel must be heated to its ----------------------------- before it starts burning.

  (d) Fire produced by oil cannot be controlled by ----------------------.

ANSWER 

(a) pollution

(b)kerosene

(c) ignition temperature

(d) water

QUESTION NO 3

Explain how the use of CNG in automobiles has reduced pollution in our cities.

ANSWER

    CNG is a cleaner fuel compared to petrol and diesel. It produces lesser amount of harmful gases while burning. Because of this advantage over the other fuels it is now being used in automobiles in many cities. Use of CNG has helped in reducing pollution in our cities.

QUESTION NO 4

    Compare LPG and wood as a fuel.

ANSWER

WOOD                              LPG

Wood has traditionally been          LPC  fuel burns without

used as fuel and is still being         giving smoke. While burning

used in rural areas. Burning         it produces lesser amount of air  

of wood creates air pollutants      pollutants. Complete oxidation 

which results respiratory              during burning of LPG does not 

problems. In addition                      lead to carbon monoxide production.

incomplete oxidation during         Hence it is safe compare to wood as 

burning of wood creates carbon   a fuel.

monoxide which is a poisonous

gas.

QUESTION NO 5

      Give reasons -

(a) Water is not used to control fires involving electrical equipment.

(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood. 

(c) Paper by itself catches fire easily whereas a piece of paper wrapped around a aluminium pipe does not.

ANSWER 

(a ) Water is a good conductor of electricity. If water will be used to douse th nue fire of electrical equipment can result in electrical shock. By using of water in electrical equipment it may cause to damage the equipments also. Hence water must not be used to douse the fire in electrical equipments.

(b) LPG is a better domestic fuel than wood because of having several reasons. Unlike wood,LPG burns without smoke. Burning without smoke curb the respiratory disease caused by fuels. whereas wood burns with smoke and harmful gas so there is chance of respiratory diseases due to continuous use. Since it gives a clear flame the pots and pans does not become black. Storage and transportation of LPG is easier compared to wood. 

(c) kg)The ignition temperature of the paper is less so it catches fire easily. It does not catch fire when wrapped around aluminium pipe because aluminium absorb the heat,so paper goes not attain ignition temperature.

QUESTION NO 6

    Make a labelled diagram of a candle flame.

QUESTION NO 7

  Name the unit in which the calorific value of a fuel is expressed.

ANSWER

  Kilojoules per kg  ( kJ/kg)

QUESTION 8

   Explain how CO2   is able to control fire.

ANSWER 

  1.    CO2   forms a blanket  around fire due to which supply of air is cut off and fire can be controlled.

  2.     CO2  brings down the temperature of the fuel so  it helps in control the fire. 

QUESTION NO 9

     It is difficult to burn  a heap of green leaves but dry leaves catch fire easily. Explain.

ANSWER     

    The green leaves contain some water because of this the ignition temperature of leaves increase. Hence they do not catch fire easily while dry leaves have no water and their ignition temperature is low so it catch fire easily.

QUESTION NO 10      

          Which zone of a flame does a goldsmith use for melting gold and silver and why?           

ANSWER 

    A goldsmith uses the outer zone of the flame to melt gold and silver because it is hottest zone and has more temperature.

QUESTION NO 11

   In an experiment 4.5 kg of fuel was completely burnt. The heat produced was measured to be 180,000 kJ. Calculate the calorific value of the fuel.

ANSWER

   According to the definition calorific value is the amount of heat energy produced on complete combustion of 1 kg of fuel.

Total mass of the fuel = 4.5 kg

Total heat produced    =  180,00 kJ

Heat produced by burning 1 kg of fuel =  180,000/4.5 kg

                                                                      =   40,000 kJ/ kg

So calorific value of fuel   =  40,000 kJ /kg.

QUESTION NO 12

     Can the process of rusting be called combustion? Discuss.

ANSWER

    The process of rusting there is  no heat and light is produced. where as in the process of combustion heat and light produced. Hence the process of rusting cannot be called combustion.

QUESTION NO 13.

       Abida and Ramesh were doing an experiment in which water was to be heated in a beaker. Abida kept the beaker near the wick in the yellow part of the candle flame. Ramesh kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame. whose water will get heated in a shorter time.

ANSWER 

   The outermost zone of the flame is the hottest and has more heat. Ramesh kept the beaker in the outermost part of the flame so his beaker will be heated in shorter time.

    

FULL FORM OF NBFCs

               NBFCs stand for Non Banking Financial Companies. It refers to the financial institution which offer banking services without having a banking licence. These financial companies are registered under the company Act 1956 and do business as a non banking financial institution as defined under RBI Act, 1934. The main business of NBFC is of distribution of loans,acquisition of shares,stocks,bonds issued by government,insurance business,chit fund business etc.
             The major difference between NBFC and bank is that in a Bank customers can deposit money and withdraw it whenever it is required,but NBFC does not accept deposit and withdraw facility is not provided. Deposits in NBFC are not treated as savings they are basically long term deposits or premiums such as premium for insurance policy,health insurance policy etc.

The followings are the NBFCs---

1. Insurance companies which are regulated by IRDA.
2. Housing Finance companies which are regulated by National Housing Bank.
3. Merchant Banking Companies,stock Broking Companies,venture capital bank which are regulated by SEBI.
4. Nidhi Companies,which are notified by the Company Act 1956 and are regulated by corporate ministry.
5. Chit Fund Companies which are defined under Chit Fund Act 982 and are regulated by the state government.

FULL FORM OF LTP

               LTP stand for Last Trade Price. Stock price are always fluctuates according to availability of shares for sale and the demand for the those shares. At any time the price seen of the stock is called last traded price. Stock price is not set by anyone. Those who have share to sell put a price willing to sell and those who want to buy shares put a price willing to pay. Stock exchanges then match buyers and sellers. The seller received the bid price,the buyer pays the ask price so the transaction completed.
       It can be understand in simple buyers place bids in the market mentioned how much they wish to buy and at what price. Seller post an offer also known as ask stipulating how much they want to sell and what price. Whenever a buy and sell order come together at the same price and transaction completed ,an last traded price is created.

FULL FORM OF KYC

         KYC stand for Know Your Customer. It is a process followed by a financial  institution or other organisations to collect the information to established the identity of a client. This process was introduced by Reserve Bank of India to curb the financial frauds such as identity theft,illegal transactions and money laundering. RBI has instructed the banks to follow the KYC process while opening the account to curb any illegal transactions.
        This process protects the customers from fraudsters who might use their name,address and forged signature to make illegal transactions. It also involves obtaining information of the customers which include all their personal details with attached proofs that works as an authentication of the customers activity and assures the respective bank and organisation about a clean record of that client/customers.

PURPOSE OF KYC 

       The followings are main objectives of the KYC--

1. It ensures that the bank/organisation will not be misused or taken advantage of by some fraudsters through money laundering activities.
2. It procedure helps the banks,financial institution and any organisation to know the financial activities or dealings of its customers /clients.
3. It also helps keeping a check, that the customers/clients of any organisation are not involved in any type of money laundering and can assess the risk.
4. It also helps in curbing corruption,restricting illegal activity such as terror funding ,money laundering and identity theft.

FULL FORM OF ISIN

                ISIN stand for International Securities Identification Number. It is a unique code that is used to identify securities. The National Number Agency ( NHA) is responsible for allocating ISINs for all securities issued in the country. Since 2004 the ISIN code became extremely important when the European union mandated the use of the system for significant regulatory reporting needs.

FEATURES OF THE ISIN

           Those who are involved in the trading securities internationally have to use the ISIN numbering scheme. The United States and Canada uses the CUSIP numbering system that is similar to ISIN. The main features of the ISIN are as follows--

1. The first two letters of the ISIN code refer to the country in which the issuing company is based out of.
2. The nine digits identify specific security and act as a unique identifier.
3. The final character also referred to as the 'check digit' checks forgery. 

ISIN IN INDIA

           In India issuing ISIN for various securities has been assigned by the Securities and Exchange Board of India to the National Securities Depository Limited. For the government securities,the allotment of the ISIN code is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India.

Social Science Class - 8 History Chapter - 5

SOCIAL SCIENCE 

HISTORY CLASS - 8 

CHAPTER - 5 

WHEN PEOPLE REBEL

Question no. 1 

What was the demand of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi that was refused by the British?

Answer no. 1

Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi demanded the company recognise her adopted son as the the heir of the kingdom after the death of her husband. But the British refused to accept her adopted son as heirs of Jhansi. Lord Dalhousie had introduced 'doctrine of lapse' according to this rule if an Indian ruler died without male heir his Kingdom would lapse and such Kingdom would be annexed with the British Empire. The company was confident of its superiority and military power, turn down her demand.

Question no. 2

What did the British do to protect the interests of those who converted to Christianity?

Answer no. 2

After 1830, the company allowed Christian Missionaries to function freely in its domain and even own land property. In 1850 a new law was passed to make conversion to Christianity easier. this law allowed and Indian who had converted to Christianity to inherit the property of his ancestor. Many Indian begin to feel that British were destroying their religion, their social custom and their traditional way of life.

Question no. 3

What objection did the sepoys have to the the new cartridges that they were asked to use?

Answer no. 3

The new cartridges were suspected of being coated with the fat of cows and pigs. Before loading the cartridge in the Rifles a sepoy  had to fight it to open the wrapper. This affected the religious sentiments of the Hindu and Muslim. Hence the sepoy  refused to use these new cartridge. They felt that British  were  trying to insult their religious belief. Eighty five sepoy were dismissed from service and sentence to 10 years in jail for disobeying  their officers.

Question no. 4

How did the last mughal emperor live the last years of his life ?

Answer no. 4 

The company regained the  control of the country. It re captured Delhi from the Rebel forces in September 1857. The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was tried in court and sentenced to life imprisonment. His sons were shot dead. He was sent to prison with his wife in October 1858 where he died in November 1862.Thus ,
the last years of his life was very pathetic and tragic.

Question no. 5

What could be the reasons for the confidence of the British rulers about their position in India before May 1857 ?

Answer no. 5

The thought that the Indian soldiers are faithful to them and they are loyal to company. They were in confident that kings and zamindar  are their supporter.  Before the revolt of 1857, they have got victory in many wars and suppressed many revolts  successfully. Hence they were confident of their military strength.

Question no. 6

What impact did Bahadur Shah Zafar's support to the rebellions have on the people and the rulering families ?

Answer no. 6 

The British had not expected the vast revolt. They thought the problem caused by the issue of the cartridge would die down. But Bahadur Shah Zafar's decision to bless the rebellion changed the entire situation. When people see an alternative possibility of leader they feel inspired and enthused. It gives them the courage, hope and confidence to act. The people of towns and villages also rose up in rebellion and rallied around the local leaders, zamindar and chiefs who were prepared to establish their authority and fight the British. The ruling family is also joined the Rebel sepoy and fought the British with all their might.

Question no. 7

How did the British succeed in securing the submission of the rebel landowners of Awadh ?

Answer no. 7

Just victory against the British had earlier in encouraged rebellion, the defeat of Rebel forces encourage desertion. The British also tried their best to win back the loyalty of the people. They announced a reward for land holder would be allowed to continue to enjoy traditional right over their lands.

     Those who had rebelled were told that if they submitted to British, and if they had not killed any white people, they would remain safe  and their rights and claim to land  would not be denied.

Question no. 8

In what ways did the British change their policies as a result of the rebellion in 1857?

 Answer no. 8

The British had arrogant control of the country by the end of 1859 polyester they decided that they could not carry on rolling the land with the same policies list of British change their policies and make it flexible. The following are the important changes they were made by number .

1. The British Parliament passed a new act in 1958 and transfer the power of the East India Company to the British Crown in order to ensure a more on school management of Indian affairs.

2. All ruling chiefs of the country were assured that their territory  would never be annexed  in future. They were allowed to transfer their Kingdom to their heirs, including their adopted son. However, they were made to acknowledge the British Queen as their Sovereign Paramount.

3. They decided that the proportion of Indian soldier in the army would be reduced and the number of European soldier would be increased. It was also decided that instead of recruiting soldiers from Avadh, Bihar, Central India and South India, more soldiers would be recruited from among the the Gurkhas,Sikh and Pathan.

4. The land and the property of Muslim was confiscate  on a large scale. The British believe that they were responsible for the rebellion in a big way.

5. The British decided to respect the customary religious and social  practices of the people in India.

6. Policies were made to protect landlords and zamindars and give them security of right over the lands.

ALSO SEE SOLUTIONS OF :

GEOGRAPHY CHAPTERS -

Resources
Land, Soil, Water, Natural Vegetation And Wildlife

CIVICS CHAPTERS -

The Indian Constitution
Understanding Secularisms

HISTORY CHAPTERS -

How, When And Where
From Trade To Territory Company Establishes Power
Ruling The Countryside
Tribal, Dikus And The Vision Of Golden Age
When People Rebel