NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER -6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER -6 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

QUESTION NO 1

 Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following industries uses limestone as a raw material.

(a) Aluminium   (b) Cement    (c) Plastic     (d) Automobile

(ii) Which one of the following agencies markets steel for the public sector plants?

(a) HAIL   (b) SAIL (c) TATASteel (d) MNCC

(iii) Which one of the following industries uses bauxite as a raw material ?

(iv) Which one of the following industries manufactures telephones, computer,etc

(a) Steel     (b) Electronic  (c) Aluminium Smelting   (d) Information Technology

ANSWER

(i)-------(b)
(ii)------(b)
(iii)-----(a)
(iv)-----(b)

QUESTION NO 2    

     Answer the following briefly in not more than 30 words.

(i)  What is manufacturing?

(ii) Name any three physical factors for the location of the industry.

(iii) Name any three human factors for the location of an industry. 

(iv) What are basic industries? Give an example.

(v) Name the important raw materials used in the manufacturing of cement?

ANSWER

(i)

 Manufacturing means producing goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products. It help in transforming the raw materials into finished goods on a larger scale and thus helps in earning profit as finished goods are costlier than raw materials.

(ii)

Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the most appropriate place where all the factors of industrial location are either available are can be arranged at lower caste such as-
1. Availability of raw material.
2. Availability of cheap and sufficient power supply.
3. Availability of market.

(iii)

Three human factors for the location of an industry are-
1. Availability of cheap labour.
2. Availability of good transport facility.
3. Availability of services such as banking,insurance,consultants and financial advice ctc.

(iv)

Basic or key industries are those industries that supply their products or raw material to other industry to manufacure other goods. An example is the iron and steel industry which supplies steel to the automobile industry.

(v)

Cement industries use bulky and heavy raw materials like limestone, silica, Alumina and gypsum. Cement is used in construction activities such as building houses ,factories, Bridge, roads, airport dams and for other commercial establishments.

QUESTION NO 3

Write the answers of the following questions in 120 words.
(i) How are integrated steel plants diffirent from mini steel plants? What problems does the industry face? What recent developments have led to a rise in the production capacity?
(ii) How do industries pollute the environment?
(iii) Discuss the steps to be taken to minimise environmental degradation by indusrty?

ANSWER

(i)

Difference between integrated steel plants and mini steel plants-

INTEGRATED STEEL PLANT

1. These plants are large, handle everything in one complex from putting together a raw material to steel making ,rolling and shaping.
2. These plants fulfill local as well as International demands.
3. These plants require huge investment. 4.There are altogether 10 integrated Steel plants in India.

MINI STEEL PLANTS

1.These plants are smaller, have electric furnaces, use Steel scarp and sponge iron. They produce mild and alloy Steel of given specification.
2. These plants fulfill only the local demand.
3, These plants requires less investment. 4.There are more than 400 Mini Steel plants in India.
       
       Though,India is an important iron and steel producing country in the world  still it is unable to perform to its full potential due to the following problems -
1. High cast and limited availability of cooking coal.
2. Lower productivity of labour.
3. Irregular supply of energy.
4. Poor infrastructure.
           Liberalization and foreign direct investment have given a boost to the industry with the efforts of private entreprewneurs.

(ii)

The rapid growth in industries has led to considerable economic growth but it has also lead to increase in pollution of land, water, air, noise eventually resulting in degradation of environment. Industries are responsible for five types of pollution.

 1.AIR POLLUTION-

           Presence of high proportion of undesirable gases such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide in the air is very dangerous.Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper factories, bricks kilns, refineries and smelting plants and burning of fossil fuels in big and small factories that ignore pollution norms.
It is adversely affect human health, animal, plant and the atmosphere as a whole.

2. WATER POLLUTION-     

       Organic and inorganic industrial wastes and affluent are discharged into rivers. They make the river water polluted. The main Industries that are responsible for it includes paper, pulp, chemical, textile,   petroleum, refinery and electroplating industries that let out dyes, detergents, acid salt, and heavy metal like lead and mercury  into the water bodies.

3.THERMAL POLLUTION-

   Thermal pollution occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plant is drained into rivers and ponds before cooling.

4.LAND POLLUTION-

       Dumping of wastage specially glass, harmful Chemicals ,Industrial effluents, packaging, salt and garbage makes the land unfertile. Rainwater takes the pollutants deep to the ground thus contaminating the ground water.

5.NOISE POLLUTION-

    Industrial and construction activities,machinery, factory, equipments, generator, electric drills, etc cause a lot of noise pollution. Noise pollution causes irritation and anger. It can also cause hearing impairment, increased heartbeat and blood pressure.

(iii)

   Environmental degradation can be controlled by adopting the following steps-
1.  Water should be reused and recycled to minimise the use of water.
2. Rain water should be harvested to meet water requirements.
3. Use of oil or gas should be made instead of coal in factories to reduce smoke.
4. Generators should be fitted with silencer to reduce noise pollution.
5. Noise absorbing material may be used apart from personal use of ear plugs and earphone to reduce the noise pollution.
6. Hot water and effluent should be treated before releasing them in river and ponds.
7. Overdrawing of groundwater reserve by industry where there is threat to groundwater resources also need to be regulated legally.

   

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3 WATER RESOURCES

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCESCIENCE(GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER 3 WATER RESOURCES

QUESTION NO 1 

Multiple choice question.

(i) 

 Bases on the information given below classify each of the situations as 'suffering from water scarcity' or 'not' suffering from water scarcity'.

(a) Region with high annual rainfall.

(b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population.

(c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.

(d) Region having low rainfall and low population.

(ii) 

Which one of the following satements is not an argument in favour of multi-purpose river projects?

(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.

(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industry and for our homes.

(iii) 

Here are some false statements.Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.

(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilisation of water resources.

(b) Regulating and damaging of rivers does not affect the river's natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujarat,the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas,particulary during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan,the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Indira Gandhi canal.

ANSWER

(i)

 (a) Not suffering from water scarcity.

 (b) Not suffering from water scarcity

 (c) Suffering from water scarcity

 (d) Not suffering from water scarcity  

(ii) 

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(iii)

(a) Multiplying urban centers with large and dense populations and urban life style have caused the over exploitation of water resources.

(b) Regulating nd damming of rivers affects  the river's natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujtat,the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas,particulary during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan,the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on the decline due to the Rajasthan canal.

QUESTION NO 2

Answer th following questions in about 30 words.
(i)Explain how water becomes a renewable resources.
(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?
(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

ANSWER

(i)

There are two source of water- ground water (underground aquifers) and surface water (lakes, rivers, streams).These sources get renewed through the water cycle. That is how water keeps moving between atmosphere and the earth. This is known as hydrological cycle. So the circulation and conservation of e
arth's water is called the H2O are hydro logical cycle.

(ii)

Water scarcity occurs when availability of water is not enough to meet the requirement of water such as for drinking, irrigation, industrial and for domestic purpose.
         Water scarcity may be and outcome of large and growing population and consequent great demand of water, and unequal access to it.A country with the highest industrial demand which depends on large scale of irrigation will experience is scarcity of water.

(iii)

Advantage of multi-purpose river project-
   
They not only help in irrigation but also in electricity generation, water supply for domestic and industrial uses, flood control, recreation, inland navigation and fish breeding. For example the Hirakud project in the Mahanadi basin integrates conservation of water with flood control.

Disadvantage of Multi-purpose river project-
   

Regulating and damaging of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor  sediment flow and excessive sedimentation at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier  stream beds and poorer habitats for the river's aquatic life. It caused interstate water disputes with regard to sharing its cost and benefits. It also induced  earthquakes, caused water borne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.

QUESTION NO 3

(i) Discuss how rain water harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.
(ii) Describe how modern adoptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

ANSWER

(i)

Rooftop rainwater harvesting was commonly practiced to store drinking water in Rajasthan. In arid and semi-arid regions, agricultural fields were converted into rain fed  storage structures that allow the water to stand and moisten the soil like the 'Khandas' in Jaisalmer and 'Johads' in other part of Rajasthan.
        In the semi- arid and arid regions of Rajasthan particularly in Bikaner,Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally have underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
            The tanks are built inside the main house or the the courtyard.They are connected to the sloping roof of the houses through a pipe. Rain falling on the rooftop travels down through the pipe and is stored in the underground 'tankas'.
         In western Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting is on decline because of the Indira Gandhi Canal this canal  provides plenty of water. Despite this some houses is still maintain the 'tankas' since they do not like the taste of tap water.

(ii)       

Traditional methods of rainwater harvesting being carried out to conserve and store water are as follows--
1. Rooftop rainwater harvesting is the most common practice in Shillong, Meghalaya.Though Cherrapunji and Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55 km from shillong received the highest rainfall in the world,yet the  state Capitol Shillong face acute shortage of water. Nearly every household in the city had a rooftop rainwater harvesting structure.
2. Tamil Nadu is the first and the only state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the house  across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.
3. In many parts of rural and urban India,rooftop  rainwater harvesting is being successfully  adopted to store and conserve water. In Gendathurn, a remote backward village in Mysore ,Karnataka, villagers have installed in their household rooftop rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. 

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY

NSERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER 2 FOREST AND WILD LIFE

QUESTION NO 1

   Multiple choice qestion.

(i) Which of these statements is not a valid reason for the depletion of flora and fauna?

(a) Agriculture expansion

(b) Large scale developmental projects 

(c) Grazing and fuel wood collection 

(d) Rapid industrialization and urbanisation 

(ii) Which of the following conservation strategies do not directly involve community participation?

(a) Joint forest management 

(b) Beej Bachao Andolan

(c) Chipko Movement 

(d) Demarcation of wildlife sanctuaries 

ANSWER

(i)-----------  (c)

(ii)------------(d)

QUESTION NO 2

  Match the following animals with their category of existence:

ANIMAL/PLANT         CATEGORY OF

                                          EXISTENCE

Black buck                          Extinct

Asiatic Elephant                Rare

Andaman wild pig            Endangered

Himalayan brown bear   Vulnerable

Pink- headed duck            Endemic

ANSWER
ANIMAL/PLANT        CATEGORY OF
                                      EXISTENCE

Black buck                        Endangered

Asiatic elephant              Vulnerable

Andaman wild pig          Endemic

Himalayan brown 

      bear                             Rare

Pink-headed duck          Extinct

QUESTION NO 3

Match the following.

Reserve forest  ----    other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and                                       private individuals and communities

Protected forests---   forests are regarded as most vulnerable as far as the                                                           conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Unclassed forests --  forest land are protected from any further depletion.

ANSWER

Reserve forest  ---- forests are regarded as most vulnerable as far as the                                                           conservation of forest and wildlife resources.

Protected forests---forest land are protected from any further depletion.
Unclassed forests -- other forests and wastelands belonging to both government and                                       private individuals and communities

QUESTION NO 4

 Answer the following questionin about 30 word.
(i) What is bio diversity?Why is biodiversity is important for human lives?
(ii) How have human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna? Explain.

ANSWER

 (i)  Biodiversity means inherited variation within species, the variety of species is an area, and the variety of habitat types within a landscape. In other words it refers to the variety of living organism it is an interconnected cycle in which every organism has a role. Various organisms play different role of producer, consumer and decomposer. It is on these roles that other organisms, including humans, depend for their existence .In the existence of millions of living beings- animals, plants and human beings collectively known as bio diversity .

(ii) Human activities affected the depletion of flora and fauna in the following ways. 1.      During the colonial period due to the expansion of the railway, agriculture, commercial and Scientific forestry and mining activities. Indian forest depleted to an extent.
2.      Habitat destruction,hunting, poaching over exploitation, environmental pollution, poising and forest fire are factors whive have led to the decline in India's biodiversity. 
3.     The wealthiest 5% of Indian society cause more ecological damage  because of the amount they consume then the poorest 25% and shares  minimum responsibility for environmental well beings.

QUESTION NO 5

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i)  Describe how communities have conserved and protected forests and wildlife in India.

(ii) Write a note on good practices towards conserving forests and wildlife.

ANSWER 

(i)   Forest in India are home to a number of communities. These communities have a multiple relationships with the flora and fauna around them.In some areas of India, local communities are struggling to conserve these habitats along with government officials.
1. In Sariska tiger reserve, Rajasthan villagers have fought against the mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act.
2.  In many areas, villagers themselves are protecting Habitat and  denying  government involvement. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have declared 1200 hectares of forest as the 'Bhairodev Dakav Sancturi', declaring their own set of rules and regulations which do not allowed hunting and are protecting the wildlife against any outside encroachment.
3. Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creation of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forest in pristine from called sacred Groves( the forest of God and Goddesses ).The Mundas and the santhals of chota Nagpur region worship Mahua and Kadamba trees and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind and mango tree during weddings.

4   The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas  and joint forest management programme offer good examples for involving local communities in the management and restoration of degraded forests.

(ii)  1. The famous Chipko Movement in the Himalayas has successfully resisted deforestation in several areas. It has also shown that community afforestation with indigenous species can be enormously successful.
2. Attempt has been made to revive the traditional conservation methods. At the same time new methods of ecological farming have also been developed. Farmers and citizens groups like the 'Beej Bachao Andolan' in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversifying crop production without the use of synthetic Chemicals are possible as well economic viable.
3. In our country joint forest management programme offer a nice example for involving local communities in the management and regeneration of degraded forests.
4.  Making of National Parks, wildlife Sanctuary and bio reserve to protect endangered species of plant and animals.
5. Implementing laws to stop killing of animals and cutting of trees, making such act punishable.

FULL FORM OF MFs

    WHAT IS MUTUAL FUND

 MFs stand for Mutual Funds. A mutual fund is is an investment instrument which pools in money from different investors and invest the collected amount in a set of different asset classes like equity,debt,foreign securities and gold. Mutual funds are becoming popular in India because of its various benefits. Mutual funds have attractive performance history returns higher than those earned on conventional instruments of instrument like banks,post office,PF etc. Mutual funds enables investors to create diversified investment portfolios with investment as low as Rs 500.
        
        Another reason which makes mutual fund a preferred choice among investors is the professional management of funds. A mutual fund is managed by a fund manager who is an expert and having adequate experience in the investment industry. This provides an assurance to the investors that their money is in safe and secure hand. Mutual funds are regulated capital market regulatory SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) and AFMI (Association of Mutual Funds in India).

TYPES OF MUTUAL FUND

    As per the SEBI, mutual funds can be broadly classified into three categories-

1. Equity Fund
2. Debt Fund
3.Hybrid Funds

BENEFITS OF MUTUAL FUND INVESTMENT

1.    Mutual fund allows flexible investment amount. A mutual fund investment can be started with an amount of as low as rupees 500 while there is no limit on the maximum amount you can invest.

2. Mutual funds are managed by professionals with a nominal fee of administration and management of a mutual fund scheme called Expense Ratio.
3. Mutual fund provides a higher return compared to other saving investment like saving in banks in post office in PF. Mutual funds should be invest for at least minimum 3 years to get the better return.
4. Mutual fund investor to access a wide and diversify its investment portfolio that can include equity of varying market capitalisation as well as debt and money market instruments for and investment amount which can be as low as rupees 500.
5. Mutual fund provides systematic investment option. A systematic investment plan is a method of investing in mutual funds that allows investor to invest a fixed some amount in a mutual fund scheme at predetermined interval (daily,weekly, monthly, bi annually, or annual). SIP investment reduce the potential financial risk associated with a lump sum investment.
6. An equity linked saving schemes (ELSS) is a type of mutual fund which help an investor in getting a tax benefit in addition to the above mentioned benefits. An ELSS comes with a locking period of three years and every ELSS investment qualifies for a tax deduction of up to Rs.1.5 Lac under section 80C of Income Tax Act.

FULL FORM OF NSCCL

     NSCCL stand for National Securities Clearing Corporation of India Limited.Now it is known as NSE clearing limited. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of NSE which is responsible for clearing and settlement of all trades executed on NSE and deposit and collateral management and risk management function.It was the first clearing corporation to be established in India and introduced as settlement guarantee before it became a regulatory requirement.

OBJECTIVE OF NSCCL

There are some objectives of the NSCCL which are as follows-

1. To bring and sustain confidence in clearing and settlement of securities.

2. Promoting and maintaining short and consistent settlement cycles.

3. Provides counter party risk guarantee.

4. To operate a tight risk containment system.

     As per CRISIL,the rating reflects NSCCL's status as Clearing Corporation for NSE. The rating also factors in NSCCL's rigorous risk management controls and adequate settlement guarantee cover. CRISIL has further stated that NSCCL's risk management system is comprehensive and is regularly upgraded to pre-emptive market failure.

FULL FORM OF CIA

               Full form of CIA is Central Intelligence Agency. It is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States. It was established in 1947 and its headquarter is George Bush Center for Intelligence,located in Virginia,United States.

MISSION OF CIA

There are some mission of this organisation which are as follows--
1. Take action to prevent threats and protect US national security objectives through intelligence.
2. To safeguard secrets which helps in keeping the Nation safe.
3. Conducting effective covert action as directed by the President.

ORGANISATION STRUCTURE

The CIAis divided into five units or offices,which are as follows--
1. Directorate of Intelligence
2. Directorate of Support
3.National Clandestine Service
4. Directorate of Science and Technology
5. Offices of the Director

FUNCTION OF CIA

The followings are the function of this organisation

1. It identifies the problem or the issue of National security.
2. It collects and analyses information or foreign intelligence which helps in the security of the nation.
3. It may study intelligence issue like plans and activity of terrorist organisation,keeping constant vigil on the  countries which have biological and chemical weapons.
4. Performing other similar functions and duties as directed by the President or the Director of National Intelligence which may affect national security.


    

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 5 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

NCERT SOLUTION CLASS 10 SOCIAL SCIENCE (GEOGRAPHY) CHAPTER 5 MINERALS AND ENERGY RESOURCES

QUESTION NO 1

Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following minerals is formed by decomposition of rocks,leaving a residual mass of weathered materials?

(a) Coal        (b)Bauxite

(c) Gold        (d)Zinc

(ii) Koderma,in the Jharkhand is the leading producer of which of the followings minerals?

(a) Bauxite     (b) Mica

(c) Iron Ore    (d) Copper

(iii) Minerals are deposited and accumulated in the state of which of the following rocks?

(a) Sedimentary rocks

(b) Metamorphic rocks 

(c) Igneous rocks   

(d) None of these

(iv) Which one of the following minerals is contained in the Monazite sand?

(a) Oil            (b) Uranium

(c) Thorium  (d) Coal

ANSWER

(i) ------(a)
(ii)------(b)
(iii)------(a)
(iv)----- (c)

QUESTION NO 2

Answer the following questions in about 30 words;
(i) Distinguish between ferrous and non-ferrous minerals.
(ii) What is a mineral?
(iii) How are minerals formed in igneous and metamorphic rocks?
(iv) Why do we need to conserve mineral resources?

ANSWER 

FERROUS MINERALS

1. Ferrous minerals contain iron.
2. Ferrous provide a stronge base for the development of metallurgical industries.
Example--  Iron ore,Manganese

NON-FERROUS MINERALS

1. Non Ferrous minerals do not contain iron.
2. Non-Ferrous minerals play a vital role in a number of metallurgical and electrical industries.
Example- Copper,Bauxite, lead

(ii) Mineral is homogeneous naturally, occurring substance with definable internal structure. They are formed by a combination of element. They are an essential part of our lives. Rocks are combination of homogenous substances called minerals. The hardest mineral is diamond and the softest is Talc. Minerals are usually found in ores.

(iii) In igneous and metamorphic rocks,minerals may occur in the cracks,crevices,faults or joints.The smaller occurences are known as veins and the larger are known as lodes.In most cases,they are formed when minerals in liquid/molten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the earths surface.They cool and solidifybas they rise.
Major metallic minerals like tin,copper,zinc and lead are obtained from veins and lobes.

(iv) The total volume of workable minerals deposits is an insignificant fraction ie one per cent of the earth's crust. Minerals resources required millions of years to be created and concentrated.The geological processes of minerals formation are so slow that the rates of replenishment are infinitely small in comparison to the consumption.It is evident that if we utilise these mineral in same pace then due to non renewable it will be exausted and we cnnot do sustain development and also it wil not be available for future generation.

          A concerted effort has to be made in order to use our mineral resources in a planned and sustainable manner. Improved technology is need to be constantly evolved to allow use of low-grade ores at low cost. Recycling of metals, using scrap metals and other substitutes are steps in conserving our mineral resources for the future

QUESTION NO 3

Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Describe the distribution of coal in India.
(ii) Why do you think that solar energy has a bright future in India?

ANSWER

(i)  Coal is an important fossil fuel of India. It is the most abundantly available fossil fuel. It provides about 80% of nations energy need. India is highly dependent on coal for meeting the commercial energy requirement. In Indiacoal occurs in rocks series of two men geological ages namely Gondwana ,a little over 200 million years in age and in tertiary deposits whicxh are only about 55 millions year old.The major resources of Gondwana coal which are metrological coal, are located in the Damodar Valley (West Bengal- Jharkhand) Jharia,Raniganj and Bokaro are important coalfields. Godavari, Mahanadi Son and Wardha Valley also contain coal deposit.                     Tertiary coals occur in the North eastern state of Meghalaya, Assam Arunachal Pradesh andNagaland.

(ii) India is a tropical country. It has enormous possibilities of tapping solar energy. Photovoltailc technology convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar energy is fast becoming popular in ruler and remote areas. Some big solar power plants are being established in different parts of India which will minimise the dependence of ruler households on firewood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture. Solar energy is a non- conventional source of energy and also eco friendly.