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SOCIAL SCIENCE

HISTORY CLASS - 8

CHAPTER - 3


RULING THE COUNTRYSIDE

Question no. 1

Match the following :
ryot      village
mahal  peasant
nij         cultivation of ryot land
ryoti     cultivation on planter's own land

Answer no. 1

ryot - peasant
mahal - village
nij - cultivation on planter's own land
ryoti - cultivation of ryots lands

Question no. 2

(a) Growers of woad in Europe saw …………… as a crop which would provide competition to their earnings.
(b) The demand for indigo increased in late eighteenth century Britain because of …………..
(c) The international demand for indigo was affected by the discovery of ………………
(d) The Champaran movement was against ………….

Answer no. 2

(a) Indian indigo
(b) industrialisation
(c) synthetic dyes
(d) indigo planters

Question no. 3

Describe the main features of Settlement.

Answer no. 3

The company introduced the Permanent settlement act in 1793. According to this act the 'rajas' and 'taluqdar's' were recognised as zamindar by company. Zamindars responsibility was to to collect rent from the peasant and pay revenue to the company. The amount to be paid as revenue was fixed permanently by the company, to encourage zamindar to increase agricultural production and still pay the same revenue to the company. Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased, the zamindars would benefit from increased production from the land.

Question no. 4

How was the Mahalwari System different from the permanent settlement?

Answer no. 4

In the mahalwari system the revenue to be paid to the company was to be periodically revised as per the prevailing conditions while in the permanent settlement system the revenue was fixed to be paid and collected by the zamindar. The change of collecting the revenue and paying it to the company was given to the village headman.

Question no. 5

Give two problems which arose with the new Munro system of fixing revenue.

Answer no. 5

The desire to increase the income from land, revenue officials fixed too high a revenue demand. Peasant were unable to pay, ryots fled the countryside, and villages became deserted in many regions. Officials had imagined that the new system would transform the peasant into rich enterprises farmers. But this did not happen.

Question no. 6

Why were ryots reluctant to grow indigo?

Answer no. 6

The ryots were reluctant to grow indigo because the price they got for the indigo which they produce was very low. The planters insisted to peasant that indigo be cultivated on the best soil in which they wanted to cultivate rice. Indigo planter had deep roots, it exhausted the soil fertility and land becomes unit for rice cultivation.

Question no. 7

What were the circumstances which led to the eventual collapse of indigo

production in Bengal?

Answer no. 7

The Indigo system was intensely oppressive. Peasant rebelled against being forced to grow indigo plants. The blue rebellion broke out in March 1859, which was the beginning of the collapse of indigo production in Bengal.
               Peasant refused to pay rent to the planters. They attacked the indigo factories with weapons and their women folk attacked with pots and pans. The agents of the planters were beaten and farmers who worked were socially boycotted.
              The price of indigo which peasant got was very low and planters insisted to cultivate indigo on best fertile soil on which they want to cultivate rice. 

Question no. 8

 Find out more about the Champaran movement and Mahatma Gandhi’s role in it.

Answer no. 8

After Blue rebellion, indigo production was collapsed in Bengal. So the planters shifted their operation to Bihar with the discovery of synthetic dyes in the late nineteenth century their business was surely affected, but yet they managed to expand production. When Mahatma Gandhi was returned from South Africa, a peasant from Bihar persuaded him to visit to Champaran and see the plight of the indigo cultivation there. Mahatma Gandhi visited in 1917 and it was marked the beginning of the Champaran movement against the indigo planters. The district officials ordered him to leave Champaran but he refused to comply the order and started the set up a commission to examine the activities of the plantation owneres in which Gandhiji was also kept as a member.

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